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ABSTRACT
Blepharis boerhaaviaefolia is used in the traditional medicine as diuretic. In the present study, the diuretic activity of Benzene, Chloroform, Alcohol and Aqueous extract of leaves of Blepharis boerhaaviaefolia was studied and the activity was compared with furosemide as standard. All the four extract exhibited significant diuretic activity as evidenced by increased total urine volume and the urine concentration of Na+, K. The Aqueous extract was studied for antioxidant activity by three methods, Super oxide radical scavenging activity, Hydroxyl radical scavenging activity and Nitric oxide radical scavenging activity. These results clearly indicate that Blepharis boerhaaviaefolia is effective against free radical mediated diseases.
Key words: Diuretic activity, Antioxidant activity, Blepharis boerhaaviaefolia, Flavonoids.

ABSTRACT
Present study was designed to evaluate effect of Nobivolol as a beneficial agent in the treatment of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. Diabetic rats manifest abnormal renal hemodynamic responses, with persistent renal vasodilation at reduced renal perfusion pressures. Ischemia/reperfusion injury, which is commonly seen in the field of renal surgery or transplantation in diabetic condition, is a major cause of acute renal failure. Type 2 Diabetes was induced in rats by a single intraperitoneal (i.p) injection of Streptozotocin (65 mg/kg, STZ) in overnight fasting rats followed by the i.p administration of Nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, NIC) after 15 minutes. After right nephrectomy, Nobivolol (2 mg/kg/day, p.o) was administered for 15 days. On the 16th day, ischemia was induced in contra lateral kidney for 45 min, followed by reperfusion for 24 hr. Renal function marker and oxidative parameter were estimated at the end of 24 hr reperfusion. At the end of experimental period the level of malondialdehyde formation/ lipid peroxidation (LPO) in kidney tissue and serum
marker Creatinine, Urea and Uric acids were significantly increased. Whereas, the activity of biomarkers of oxidative stress such as reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were found to be decreased significantly compared to control rats. Nobivolol improved the renal dysfunction and oxidative stress after renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats. In conclusion, Nobivolol as a beneficial agent in the treatment of renal ischemia/reperfusion injury in diabetic rats.

KEYWORDS: Nobivolol; Ischemia reperfusion injury; Renal Marker; Type 2 diabetes.

ABSTRACT
The poor bioavailability and therapeutic responses due to rapid precoreneal elimination by opthalmic solutions of drug maybe overcome by the use of in situ gel forming systems that are instilled as drops into eye and undergo a sol-gel transition in the cul-de-sac. The present work describes the formulation and evaluation of an opthalmic delivery system of a NSAID drug, Ketorolac tromethamine based on concept of thermo reversible in situ gelling systems. Poloxamer 407 was used as a gelling agent in combination with hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (Methocel E50LV), which acted as viscosity enhancing agent. The developed formulations were stable, non-irritant and provided diffusion controlled release over a period of six hours. The developed system is thus a viable alternative to conventional eye drop.

KEY WORDS: Ketorolac tromethamine, Poloxamer 407, Methocel E50LV, In situ gelling system, controlled release.

ABSTRACT
Ficus nervosa Heyne ex Roth is a medium sized evergreen tree belongs to Moraceae family. The petroleum ether extract of Ficus nervosa (PEFN) leaves was investigated for the evaluation of anti- inflammatory and analgesic activity. Acute toxicity studies were performed as per OECD-423 guidelines. Toxicity signs and symptoms were not observed. For the
antiinflammatory activities, carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma at the dose of 200 and 400
mg/kg, p.o. Analgesic activity was carried out by tail immersion method in mice. The activity may be due to the presence of
steroids in the extract. The extract exhibited significant analgesic and anti- inflammatory activity, which supports the
traditional utilization of the plant. This study suggested that, Ficus nervosa possess anti- inflammatory properties and
analgesic activities.
Key words: Ficus nervosa, anti- inflammatory, analgesic, edema, granuloma.

ABSTRACT
Soymida febrifuga L. (Family: Meliaceae) is a medicinal plant with well known antioxidant property and claimed to have anticoagulant property as per folklore claim. scientific evaluation of cerebroprotective effect of Methanol extract of Soymida febrifuga (MESF) in Bilateral Carotid Artery Occlusion (BCAO) induced cerebral ischemia in rats. Global cerebral ischemia is a clinical outcome occurring as a consequence of conditions like cardiac arrest, coronary artery bypass surgery causing deprivation of blood supply and energy in the brain due to blockade of carotid arteries. In the present study the animals were pre-treated with MESF for a period of 1week (200 and 400 mg/kg) i.p, The animals were anaesthetized with thiopentone sodium (45mg/kg) and stroke was induced by BCAO for defined period with aneurism clamps placed on both arteries and later (10 minutes) clamps were removed to allow reperfusion and animals were then returned to their cages. After 24 hours of reperfusion the animal behaviour were evaluated by various methods such as behaviour pattern, Juvenile
recognition, Motor activity, rotar rod test, morris water maze test in stroke induced animals. The treatment was continued for another week after surgery with MESF and the animals were sacrificed and the brain was removed. Histopathology of hippocampal region was carried out. The present studies suggest that, there was a decrease in the motor activity, muscle coordination, and escape latency in water maze in stroke induced (negative control) group. The group treated with 200mg/kg and 400 mg/kg MESF showed significant (P<0.01) improvement in the motor activity, behaviour pattern, and spatial learning which was confirmed in trial sessions in water maze test when compared with negative control group. In conclusion, methanol extract of Soymida febrifuga produced cerebroprotective effects in global cerebral ischemia as evident from reduction in behavioral score, hyperlocomotion and neuronal damage.
Key words: Bilateral Carotid Artery Occlusion (BCAO), Soymida febrifuga L., Cerebral Ischemia, stroke.

ABSRTACT
Neurogenesis, or the birth of new neuronal cells, was thought to occur only in developing organisms. However, recent research has demonstrated that neurogenesis does indeed continue into and throughout adult life in both vertebrate and invertebrate organisms. Examples of neurogenesis are found in the hippocampus of mammals, song control nuclei of birds and the olfactory pathway of rodents, insects and crustaceans. Ongoing neurogenesis is thought to be an important mechanism underlying neuronal plasticity, enabling organisms to adapt to environmental changes and influencing learning and memory throughout life. A number of different factors that regulate neurogenesis have been identified. Physical activity and environmental conditions have been known to affect proliferation and survival of neurons in vertebrates as well as
invertebrates. It has been found that crayfish in an \"enriched\" environment had increased neurogenesis and neuronal survival compared to siblings in an \"impoverished\" environment. The neurogenesis may be defined as the process by which
new nerve cells are generated. In neurogenesis, there is active production of new neurons, astrocytes, glia, and other neural lineages from undifferentiated neural progenitor or stem cells. Neurogenesis is considered a rather inactive process in most areas of the adult brain. This article presents a brief review of neurogenesis with an emphasis on it’s clinically importance especially in human beings. Neurogenesis offers hope to individuals suffering from disorders including Parkinson\'s, Huntington\'s, and Alzheimer\'s disease; the article also reveals the concept of adult neurogenesis as well as regulation of neurogenesis.
KEY WORDS: Neurogenesis, Neuroscience, Neurotransmitters, Neuronal cells.

ABSTRACT
The conventional methodology was adopted to synthesize the titled compounds. The synthesis of titled compounds from starting material i.e substituted 2-mercapto benzimidazoles was prepared from substituted o-phenylene diamine and carbon disulfide in presence of KOH in single step. Initially the substituted 2-mercapto benzimidazole compounds are subjected to S-acylation by treating with acetyl chloride in acetone in the presence of potassium carbonate. Results formation of acylated compounds. Which are further treated with 1,2 –dibromo ethane and 1,3-dibromo propane in ethanol using potassium carbonate as deacidifying agent. To get their respective substituted bis type 2-mercapto benzimidazole derivatives.
Keywords: Benzimidazole, Dibromo alkanes.

ABSRTACT
The aim of proposed research work is to isolate the natural mucoadhesive polymer from natural source (Date Palm) & formulation and evaluation of gastro mucoadhesive Sustained release matrix tablet. The maximum utilisation of Mucoadhesive drug delivery system of drug which enables reduction in total amount of dose administered in fluctuation and therefore better control of diseased condition. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system of repaglinide is indicated only for type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. It should be avoided in liver disease. The aim is to drug residence time in stomach by development and evaluation of In vitro performances of gastro mucoadhesive sustained release (GMSR) of Repaglinide. Gastro mucoadhesive sustained release formulations (GMSR) of Repaglinide were developed by the direct compression method and these were measured by ‘modified balance method’.
KEY WORDS: Adhesion time, Diabetes mellitus, Mucoadhesive strength, Mucous membrane, Sustained release, Repaglinide.

ABSTRACT
A major obstacle to control cancer growth and metastasis in patients is the widespread inappropriate use of anticancer drugs. We have known that cancers are different etiological diseases with a same pathologic characteristics of unlimited growthes. With this type of heterogenous characters, it means responses to same anticancer drugs can be various from patient to patient even though they all develop from same organs of human, or even represent with histologically same phenotype. Therefore individualized cancer chemotherapy (tailored-chemotherapy) has now begun to be recommended. As we have suggested previously two ways might be the major bases of individualized cancer chemotherapy—drug sensitivity tests and pathological or biomolecular profile information In vivo drug sensitivity tests are mainly from human tumor species transplanted under the subrenal capsule of mice. One of the major problems of human tumor species transplanted under the subrenal capsule of mice is whether the normal immunocompetent mice or immunodeficient athymic (nude) mice are used similarily in the tests. The immunodeficient mice (nude mice) are precious animal difficult to breed and maintain, but they have low immuno-surveillence system to reject human tumor species transplanted into nude mice. In normal circumstances, only nude or SCID mice will be used as hosts to transplant and grow human tumors. But since nude mice are difficult to breed and maintain, it seems a financial burden for a patient to use them for drug sensitivity tests. So a 4-day or 6-day subrenal capsule assay procedures (SRCP) using normal immunocompetent mice were suggested as a superseded method to do this task. In this work, we compared the drug sensitivity test result using both normal and nude mice. Our work showed that there is same drug response rates and statistically positive drugs between normal and nude mice by a week SRCP.

Keywords Drug sensitivity tests·Individualized cancer chemotherapy·Nude mice· Bisdioxopiperazine compounds·Cancer
chemotherapy·Laboratory animals.

ABSRTACT
Nanolithography is the art and science of etching, writing, or printing at the microscopic level, where the dimensions of characters are on the order of nanometers (units of 10 -9 meter, or millionths of a millimeter). This includes various methods of modifying semiconductor chips at the atom IC level for the purpose of fabricating integrated circuits (ICs). Instruments used in nanolithography include the scanning probe microscope (SPM) and the atomic force microscope (ATM). The SPM allows surface viewing in fine detail without necessarily modifying it. Either the SPM or the ATM can be used to etch, write, or print on a surface in single-atom dimensions. Nanolithography is referred to a technique of printing integrated circuits at a nanometer scale for fabrication of the high end semiconductors and nanoelectromechanical devices.
Nanolithography is used in the creation of nanocomputer parts. The Nanolithography can be used for fabrication of the circuits in various devices such as optical devices, displays, data storage, biotech, semiconductor ICs, chemical synthesis materials etc. One of the popular kind of Nanolithography technology is Nanoimprint lithography that conducive to replication neopaterns at the nanometer scale and is characterically simple process with low cost, high throughput and high resolution. Nanonex is a well known nanotechnology enterprise that provides popular Nanolithography tools and engine for the high-throughput, large-area patterning of 3D nanostructures with sub-10 nm resolution and the overlay alignment. This article presents a brief review of nanolithography with an emphasis on its various techniques as well as applications; the article also reveals the concept of nanoimprint lithography in brief.
KEY WORDS: Nanolithography, Integrated Circuits, Nanocircuitry, Nanoelectromechanical Systems (NEMS), Nanotechnology, Nanometer-Scale Structures, Nanoimprint Lithography.

ABSTRACT
Since ancient times, plants have been an exemplary source of medicine. Research conducted in last few decades on the plant mentioned in ancient literature or used traditionally. Plumeria rubra is one such plant that has been frequently used as medicine which belongs to Plumeria genus. The decoction of the bark and roots of P.rubra used to treat asthma, ease constipation, promote menstruation, venerial disease, reduces fever and latex used to soothe irritation. The plant contains various phytoconstituents like the cytotoxic iridoids, fulvoplumerin, oleanane type triterpene etc. This present review summarizes the physiochemical constituent and also pharmacological reports that have been shown promising results.
Keywords: Plumeria rubra, Chemical constituents, pharmacology, Apocynaceae.

Diabetes mellitus results in considerable morbidity and mortality, affecting about 180 million people worldwide. Diabetes is a multisystem disease, having many manifestations in the eye, of which cataracts and Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) are the most significant cause of visual impairment and blindness, and people with diabetes are 25 times more likely than the general population to become blind. Sample size was 140 in each group keeping level of significance as p< 0.5. The data was analysed using SPSS software 11.5 version.Higher Total cholesterol, Triglyceride and LDL levels are associated with more severe retinopathy and increased duration is associated with increased prevalence and more severe diabetic retinopathy. This effective monitoring of lipid profile and glycemic control would be beneficial in these patients. Our study shows that alteration in Lipid profile has a role as a risk factor in causation and pathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy