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This is a prospective study aimed to assess the incidence and associated maternal risk factors of low birth weight among
newborn babies born in SCCL main hospital, Kothagudem, Telengana. The present study was a prospective observational
study. It was conducted for a period of 6 months from Jan 2018 to June 2018. A suitable data collection form was designed
for study. As per the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the following data was collected from data sources. The collected data
was compiled in Microsoft office access 2010 format. The data was analyzed using graph pad prism version 5.0. A total of
two hundred and fifty (250) patients were studied .Data collection was done through a designed data collection form
consisting of demographic characters , educational level , monthly income ,occupation , Antenatal Data ,Neonatal data .The
results of the study showed that the Incidence of Low birth weight (LBW) was found to be 15%. Out of 250 cases 212 cases
(accounting for 85% ) were Normal Birth Weight (NBW), weighing more than >2,500 grams 38 cases were Low Birth
Weight (LBW) accounting for 15%, weighing below <2,500. Male and female neonates percentage was found to be
13(34.2%) and 25 (65.7%) respectively. Mother’s Mean age of LBW and NBW babies was found to be 25.72 ± 5.99 and
27.00 ±4.74 respectively. Mother’s mean height among LBW and NBW neonates was 5.15 ± 0.24 and 5.18 ± 0.52
respectively. Mean birth weight was 2.02 ± 0.304, 3.2 ± 0.41 in LBW and NBW respectively. It was concluded that there is
a relationship between maternal height, Gravida, Consanguinity, Mode of delivery, Gender of baby, with Low Birth Weight.
In order to reduce LBW there should be better education regarding the care to be taken for pregnant women.

Nephrotic syndrome is a clinical syndrome defined by massive proteinuria (greater than 40 mg/m2 per hour) responsible for
hypoalbuminemia(less than 30g/l).It is characterised by albuminuria, oedema, hypoalbuminemia and hypercholesterolemia.
The etiology of nephrotic syndrome in adults is complex and ranges from primary glomerulonephritis to secondary forms.
Primary forms of nephrotic syndrome in adults are comprised of three histological disease entities: idiopathic membranous
nephropathy (IMN) minimal change disease (MCD) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). It is caused by
increased permeability through damaged basement membrane in the renal glomerulus especially infections or thromboembolic. It is the result of an abnormality of glomerular permeability that may be primary with a disease specific to kidneys
or secondary to congenital infections, diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus. Complications of nephritic syndrome are
generalised edema, respiratory distress, sepsis, peritonitis, thromboembolism, failure to thrive. Nephrotic syndrome is
evaluated by urine analysis, blood test, ultrasonography, and renal biopsy. Nephrotic syndrome treatment consists of mostly
supportive nature. Supportive strategies include antihypertensive and antiproteinuric therapy and dietary recommendations.
Patients with nephrotic syndrome are also at increased risk to develop thromboembolism. Hence, anticoagulant therapy is
recommended.

Low back pain is the most common cause of job related disability and about 80 percent of adults experience low back pain at some point in their lifetime. Combination therapy of neuropathic and nociceptive pain relievers are most effective in reducing chronic low back pain. Our study was a cross sectional population based study in which hundred patients suffering with low back pain were recruited. These patients fulfilled the following inclusion criteria : aged above 20 years and diagnosed with chronic low back pain who have a current valid prescription for the same. A structured data collection form was used to collect all the relevant data needed for the study. The pain score before the treatment and at second follow up after treatment was taken. Wong- Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale was used to compare the pain scores and from the scoring effectiveness of the drugs were found. We focused the study to four common drug combinations used in the treatment of low back pain which included Gabapentin+ Tolperisone, Gabapentin + Etoricoxib, Tramadol + Tolperisone , Tramadol + Etoricoxib. Among the Four drug combinations evaluated in the study, the combination of Gabapentin + Tolperisone showed more effectiveness in treatment of chronic low back pain. Our study revealed that combination therapy of neuropathic and nociceptive pain relievers are more effective in treatment of low back pain

Introduction: Infection is defined as an invasion and multiplication of microbes such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites that are not normally present within the body. As resistance is seen with second line and third line agents, physicians are prescribing drugs which are toxic, less effective and more expensive, and which results in more burden on patients. Aim & Objectives: To assess prescribing pattern of medications in infectious diseases. To assess the pattern of antibiotic use in the paediatric and medical ward in three hospitals. To assess antibiotic prescribing practice of prescribers in terms of age and sex difference, percentage of generics prescription, percentage of injectables prescription. Methodology: These three hospitals are found at different distances ranging from 45-70 km from our place. Data collection taken from paediatric ward and medical ward in charity hospital, private and public hospital. A prospective analysis of 635 prescriptions were collected from three different hospitals, where 335 prescriptions from charity hospital, 237 prescriptions from private hospital and 63 prescriptions from public hospital. Results & Discussion: A study conducted in 4 different countries ,the average no. of drugs prescribed per encounter are, Nigeria (3.9), Rohtak [India] (2.74), Coimbatore [India] (100), Ethiopia(5) and in our study average no.of drugs per encounter are charity (4.08), private (1.86) and public (3.2). Whereas the percentage of generic drugs prescribed in Kathmandu is 41 % and in Jimma 82% [Palikhe, N, 2014] and in our study percentage of generic drugs prescribed in charity( 94.1 %), private (0), public(100 %). Percentage of antibiotics prescribed in Nigeria [75%], Rohtak [85% ], Coimbatore [ 100% ], Ethiopia [82%] and in our study percentage of antibiotics prescribed in Charity(39.1%), private(54.8%), public(85%). Conclusion: Multicentric prospective studies with a large size in various prescribing setup will give us better insight regarding prescription writing practices. Our results serve as baseline data for further nationwide studies on the prescribing practices with the hope of applying effective interventions to reverse inappropriate use of drugs.

Renal transplant recipients should receive immunosuppressants to prevent graft rejection. By suppressing the immune response of the recipient, it increases the risk of opportunistic infections. Among all infections urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common. So, our study deals with the nature of post transplantation urinary tract infections, its management. A retrospective observational study was carried out to retrieve data of renal transplantation patients to evaluate the incidence of Post renal transplant UTI. This study also focuses on Nature of UTI including relapse UTI, recurrent UTI. As post transplantation requires maintenance immunosuppression, there is a chance for ADRs associated with the therapeutic regimens. So, these reports were also analyzed for ADRs, Causality, Severity and preventability assessment.The available data from the medical records of 87 renal transplantation patients suggests that 42.46% of 73 males and 50% of 14 females had developed UTI during their follow up.UTIismostly observed in 21-40 age groups. Recurrent UTI is observed in 3 patients. Linezolid (12.19%) was mostly used as an antibiotic therapy in UTI. Our study revealed 48 of 87 patients had experienced ADR after transplantation andcausality assessment of ADRs showed 90.9% are probable. In our study, 37.66% of ADRs are mild, 59.74% are moderate and 2.59% are severe. Preventability assessment showed 35% of ADRs are definitely preventable, 22% are probably preventable, and 43% are not preventable.UTI are one amongst the opportunistic infections, untreated UTI may lead to significant mortality. Hence patientsshould be monitored throughout the post transplant treatment period including Immunosuppressive therapy and Antibiotic treatment..

The importance of various vitamins on human health depends on their ability for diverse biochemical functions. Vitamin studies have an important impact in upcoming years. Our study analyses the utilization pattern and Pharmacoeconomics of vitamins and knowledge about vitamins among common people. Objective: To analyze the prescription pattern of various multivitamin supplements along with the comparison of cost effectiveness of various vitamins used in a teaching care hospital. Material and methods: The demographic data and therapeutic details were collected prospectively for a period of six months from the patients above 18 years of age who are prescribed with vitamin supplementation admitted in the medical wards during the study period and those who are able to communicate effectively and subjects who are willing to participate in the study. The socio-demographic factors and prescription analysis were done. Results Out of 140 patients, an estimate of 46 patients (i.e. 32.86%) were prescribed with multivitamin combinations followed by vitamin B supplements (Becosules 16.43%).The least prescribed vitamin was T Biovit (1.43%) Pharmacoeconomic analysis revealed that the cost of vitamins accounted for 10-15% of the total drug expenditures. Conclusion: From our study, we observed that most of the patients are prescribed with multivitamin combinations and vitamin B supplements and the least prescribed was Biovit. The study revealed that the vitamins account 10-15% of the hospital expenses. Inj Vitamin K, Thiamine and also multivitamin combinations were found to be more costly when compared to single vitamins supplements prescribed.

The main aim of the present work is to formulated and evaluate hydrogel beads of eplerenone by ionic gelation method using HPMC K100M, HPMC K200M, Xanthan gum and karaya gum. Formulated beads were evaluated for preformulation studies. The FTIR Spectra revealed that, there was no interaction between Eplerenone and polymers. Surface smoothness of the Eplerenone beads was confirmed by SEM. As the ratio of polymer was increased, the mean particle size of Eplerenone floating beads was decreased. Eplerenone floating beads with normal frequency distribution were obtained. The study also indicated that the amount of drug release decreases with an increase in the polymer concentration. The in vitro performance of Eplerenone Hydrogel beads showed prolonged and controlled release of drug which follows zero order release with supercase II transport mechanism.

Key Words:- Eplerenone, FTIR, Xanthan gum, Karaya gum, HPMC K100M

In present study, the modifications was to implement the drug delivery system to attain drug control release are applied
topically from the past few years. The drug delivery system is altered by the micro sponges. The micro sponge method is
used for the preparation of prescription products, sunscreen products, cosmetics and over the counter drugs. The preparation
of Sennosides microsponges was performed and evaluated which was easy and has an advantage of nullifying solvent
toxicity. It was observed that as drug: polymer ratio increased, particle size decreased. Microsponge formulation FS2
showed a good physical parameter study and was used for formulating into gel, incorporated in the carbopol.