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ABSTRACT

Medication error is a preventable event that may be caused due to inappropriate medication. Generally medication should be in the control of health care professionals but factors like prescribing, dispensing, administration and patient errors leads to medication errors. Incidences of medication error rate vary widely. The majorities of medication errors occur as a result of poor prescribing and often involve relatively inexperienced medical staff. Most medication studies depends on an observation based methodology. Now electronic prescribing may help to reduce the risk of prescribing errors. Medication error can be avoided by the process of quality improvement and by redesigning the faulty systems. Computerized integrated medication delivery systems must be instituted by health care professionals, who are adequately trained to use such technological advances for the prevention of medication errors.

Key words: Medication error, Adverse drug events, Prescribing errors, Computerized technology.

ABSTRACT

                The antimicrobial activity properties of Grapes (Vitis vinifera) extracts were studied. Grapes extracts were obtained using solvents Methanol, N-Hexane, Water extract and Dry powder. The extracts were assayed for antimicrobial activity and bacterial growth inhibition activity by the agar well diffusion method. The results showed that all the extracts except the N - Hexane extract have minor antibacterial activity. The results also showed that Grapes extracts does not possess any such potent antimicrobial properties so that extracts cannot directly used as an antimicrobial agent. Further investigation of grapes extract should be done by other method.

Key words: Grapes, Antimicrobial Activity, Agar well diffusion method.

ABSTRACT

Throughout the world the profession of pharmacy is growing up producing an adequate number of well trained pharmacists competent to practice the profession of pharmacy in the changing environment. Even with the remarkable growth achieved in the field of pharmacy, newer challenges are coming to the front which needs more planning and coordination between the various health care professionals. To provide better clinical pharmacy services to the society, the Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm D) program was adopted in Asia during 1990’s from the west. The development of pharmacy education in Egypt, Lebanon, China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, Philippines, Jordan, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and UAE are discussed here. The first pharmacy program dates back to 1824 in Cairo University, Egypt. Even though the Madras Medical College started the first pharmacy course in 1860 in India it was only in 1932 it became a university programme in BHU. The first Pharm D programme was started in 1955 in University of California in San Francisco, USA. In the later years other countries followed this trend and started revising their pharmacy curriculum to match with that of USA. Pharm D in India was introduced in 2008 in about 20 colleges including Annamalai University in Tamil Nadu.

Key Words: Pharmacy, Pharmacy education, Pharmacy in Asia.

ABSTRACT

                Organophosphate (OP) compounds have been widely used for a few decades in agriculture for crop protection and pest control. Thousands of these compounds have been screened and over one hundred of them have been marketed for these purposes.  The present study is focused on the effects of OP poisoning on the body systems, cholinesterase, antioxidants and lipid peroxides. The study was conducted at the emergency care department of a tertiary care teaching hospital, which is a 1000 bedded multidisciplinary super specialities government hospital. The study was carried out for the period of five months. The patients included in the study were those who had ingested OP compound available as household or agricultural pesticide. Among 25 patients, 19 were males. The mean age was 32.16±2.67 years with a range of 18-60 years. A control group consisting of 25 unexposed pesticides, were age-matched, who never had any exposure to OP pesticides. The most predominant age group was 18-30 years age group and most commonly involved OP compound was Monocrotophos. Acetyl cholinesterase levels were found to be 99.99±5.13 U/ml, which is significantly lower (P = 0.0001) than healthy volunteers. In addition to that, MDA levels was found to be 23.52±3.15 nM/ml, which is significantly (P = 0.0476) increased compared to healthy subjects. Whereas, glutathione levels were significantly lower (P = 0.0223) and similarly, total antioxidant level in these patients were found to be significantly lower (P = 0.0305) compared to healthy subjects.  Our results elaborate the significance of oxidative stress in organophosphorus poisoning and emphasis clinicians to prescribed antioxidants. However further pharmacological and histopathological studies will be necessary.

Key words- Acetyl cholinesterase, Antioxidant, Organophosphorus, Atropine, Glutathione.

ABSRACT

The present study was designed to investigate the analgesic activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Pleurotus sajorcaju mycelium in two experimental model, acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate method in healthy mice. For this experiment two concentration of extract 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg were used and given by oral route. Indomethacin (10 mg/kg) was used as a standard. Aqueous extract had significant analgesic activity at 1000 mg/kg in acetic acid induce writhing method but had no activity in hot plate method. Methanolic extract had significant activity in both test. Thus methanolic extract possess both centrally as well as peripheral activity may be due to presence of polysacchcharides and sterol as a constituent.

Key words: Pleurotus sajorcaju, Analgesic activity, Hot plate method, Acetic acid induce writhing method, Indomethacin.

ABSTRACT

 Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways, in which many cells play a role, in particular mast cells, oesinophills and t-lymphocytes. This inflammation causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathing, chest tightness and cough particularly at night or in morning. Asthma cannot be cured but it can be controlled. Better chances of asthma controlling asthma if it is diagnosed early and it treatment is begun right way. With proper treatment of asthma can have fewer and less sever attack. Without treatment of it will have more frequent and more severe asthma attacks and can even die. Better asthma control will prevent chronic and trouble ness of breath. the goal of asthma treatment is to control the disease by following the asthma action plan ,taking asthma medicines as prescribed, learning what things make your asthma worse and taking  steps to avoid exposure to them, tracing your level of asthma control, and responding quick-relief medicines.

key words: asthma, chronic inflammatory, oesinophills.

ABSTRACT

The aim of present study was to develop renin inhibitor as anti-hypertensive drug. Selective inhibition of the renin has gained attraction as an interesting approach to control hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors given its unique position in the renin–angiotensin system. Using a best validated HypoGen model consists of four pharmacophore features such as two hydrogen bond acceptors, one hydrogen bond donor and one hydrophobic. Identification of common pharmacophore features responsible for inhibiting activity Renin using Hip Hop module of catalyst software 4.11 from Accelrys. Development and Validation of quantitative pharmacophore hypothesis for series of Renin Receptors using HypoGen/Hypo Refine module of catalyst software 4.11 from Accelrys. Generation of 10,000 molecules from the drug using Scaffold Hoping technique. Prediction of activity for designed molecules using the Hypo Refine model and to identify novel and potent Renin inhibitors using Lipinski Rule of Five. The Pharmacophore developed, identified and optimized a novel series of potent and 3 substituted phenyl -2- (hydrazinocarbonyl)-1H indole -5- sulfonamide with remarkable potency for renin. A series of 3-phenyl Indole derivatives have been synthesized by the interaction of ethyl 5-(amino sulfonyl)-3-substituted phenyl-1H-indole -2- carboxylates with hydrazine hydrate and ethanol.  The newly synthesized compounds were tested for antibacterial and anti-fungal activity also.

Keywords: Renin inhibitors, Anti-hypertensive, Pharmacophore model, HypoGen, Docking, Hypo Refine module.