Welcome to IJPT

ABSTRACT

Metformin hydrochloride, the only available biguanide, remains the first line therapy for treating type 2 diabetes mellitus acts by decreasing hepatic glucose output and peripheral insulin resistance. It has relatively short plasma half life, low absolute bioavailability. The need for the administration for two to three times a day when larger doses are required can decrease the patient compliance. Sustained release formulations that would maintain plasma level for 8-12 hrs might sufficient for daily dose Metformin HCL presents significant challenges due to its poor inherent compressibility, high dose and high water solubility. The present study was to design metformin extended release by using hydrophilic controlled release polymers polyvinyl pyrrolidone, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, polyoxrs301, carbopol 971P by wet granulation method. The formulated granules blend was evaluated for flow property parameters. In-vitro dissolution studies were carried out in pH 6.8 phosphate buffer using the apparatus type 2 paddle type described in the USP monograph. From the different formulation and its data’s we find the optimized formula which is similar to the innovator product. From the stability data analysis the optimized formula complies with that of innovator.

Key Words:- Metformin hydrochloride, Controlled release tablets, In-vitro dissolution studies.

ABSTRACT

The field of corneal tissue engineering has made many strides in recent years. Tissue-engineered corneal scaffolds could provide significant benefits as an alternative to donated corneas. The novelty of the study lies in the development of scaffold from pen of Indian squid (Loligo duvauceli), for corneal tissue engineering. Squid pens are the waste products of food processing industry and this study explored a single-step method for isolation of chitosan from squid pens. Chitosan and chitosan scaffolds were characterized for their physico-chemical, mechanical and biological properties. Infra-red analysis revealed 80% degree of deacetylation, scanning electron microscopic studies elucidated smooth surface morphology of transparent chitosan scaffold, with required tensile strength. Optical clarity of chitosan scaffold ranged between 80-88% and it supported the growth of human corneal epithelial cell line. This chitosan scaffold with good transparency, biocompatibility and mechanical properties could be a promising material for corneal tissue engineering applications. This study also unveils an economically feasible technology for the conversion of waste into wealth.

Key Words:- Corneal tissue engineering, Chitosan, Squid pen, Scaffold, Cornea.

ABSTRACT

Using low-dose morphine in intrathecal space before surgery, provides sufficient analgesia and reduces the side effects of intravenous analgesic medications. Due to the established tolerance to narcotic drugs in addicted patients, and also the lack of a study that specifically compare Effects of intrathecal morphine on postoperative pain in CABG surgery addicted persons, in this study it is tried to compare Effects of intrathecal morphine on postoperative pain in CABG surgery addicted persons. Among patients for CABG surgery, a total of 60 patients 40-70 years old with a history of drug abuse, were selected in randomized, clinical trial. Patients were divided into two groups of 30. For the first group, before induction of general anesthesia, 4microgram/kg of morphine was injected into the spinal space. the second group was also placed in a sitting position for 5 min. Postoperative amount of pain were recorded at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after extubation. The first time of analgesic request by the patient and the total amount of postoperative opioid consumption was also recorded. The amount of pain in the group receiving intrathecal morphine at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 hours after extubation, was significantly lower than in the placebo group (P<0.05). The first time of analgesic request by the patient in the group receiving intrathecal morphine was significantly longer than the control group (P = 0.04). The total consumption of morphine for analgesia in a 24-hour period after surgery, in the group receiving intrathecal morphine was significantly lower than the control group (P = 0.001). The administration of Intrathecal morphine before surgery in addicted patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery, is able to reduce the pain in the first 24 hours after surgery and reduces the need for narcotics in 24 hours after surgery.

Key Words:- Postoperative Pain, CABG Surgery, Intrathecal Morphine.

ABSTRACT

A series of Schiff bases of 2,3 hetero substituted quinazolinones were designed and Docking simulation was performed to position compounds into the CDK2 structure active site to determine the probable binding model. A series of Schiff bases of 2,3 disubstituted quinazolinones were synthesized by thermal condensation and cyclization of a amide, hetero aromatic acid and anthranilic acid at elevated temperatures followed by condensation with aromatic amines to give desired Schiff bases. The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were established on the basis of TLC, IR and 1H-NMR and MASS data. Further the ADME properties and molecular properties of the synthesized compounds was studied using ACD/I Labs and OSIRS Based on the results of virtual screening compound AA1 and AA3 were screened for anti-oxidant and cytotoxicity in breast cancer cell lines using MTT assay. The compounds showed significant activity.

Key Words:- Quinazolinone, Chemotherapeutic activity, Antioxidants.

ABSTRACT

Studies were carried out to determine the impact on the protein content of earthworm (Eudrilus eugeniae) of experimental condition. Eudrilus eugeniae were maintained under mother culture tank, in the absence of toxic substances, using standard procedure for experimental time. E. eugeniae were exposed to 100 ppm, 300 ppm and 500 ppm concentrations of monocrotophos. The total protein content was determined in E. eugeniae. The effects of monocrotophos on E. eugeniae have been studied for 14 days. As monocrotophos exposure, significant decrease in the levels of protein in the E. eugeniae.

Key Words:- Monocrotophos, Eudrilus eugeniae, Protein.

ABSTRACT

Although   gramicidin family are a polypeptide with alternating L- and D-amino acids. The branching of polypeptide linkage needs special stereo –orientation to be applied as  therapeutic antibacterial cream or ointment .The present 3D-AFM- investigations introduce  important conclusive remarks enhance scientific community to understand why gramicidin family as antibiotic cream or ointment are structurally suitable with special  surface topography enhance it to be applied as cream or ointment.

Key Words:- Gramicidin-A, Nano-Structural Features, 3D-AFM, Cream, Grains Size, Surface.

ABSTRACT

Nowadays marine algae are having a numerous commercial applications in various fields. Marine algae produce 60 trace elements in a concentration much higher than in terrestrial plants then the macroscopic marine algae also contain protein, iodine, bromine, vitamins and substances of stimulatory and antibiotic nature. This present study was summarized to the antimicrobial activity of the organic solvents of the Marine alage Padina tetrastromatica and phytochemical analysis of Padina tetrastromatica with various organic solvents such as Acetone, Ethanol, Ethyl acetate, Methanol and Tolune. The antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Proteus sp and Streptococcus sp in various solvents extracts of Padina tetrastromatica. The higher inhibitory activity was in Ethyl acetate extracts of Padina tetrastromatica and lesser inhibitory effect was in Acetone. The responsible functional groups in the solvent extract were identified by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). Mostly marine algal products play a crucial role in various fields. May it’s become even more diversified and economically competitive.

Key Words:- Marine algae, Padina tetrastromatica, Antimicrobial Activity, Brown Seaweed.

ABSTRACT

CABG is one of surgeries with high morbidity and mortality. One of major causes of mortality after CABG is brain stroke and Carotid stenosis is one of its major factors and increases stroke after CABG. Considering other diseases reduces strokes after operation. Purpose of this study is investigating underlying diseases prevalence rate in a carotid artery stenosis patients in Ahwaz Jondishapour University of Medical sciences Hospitals. This is an epidemiological cross sectional study between 2011 to 2012. Participants (608 patients) were selected from the patients who underwent CABG. The carotid Doppler ultrasound was performed before operation. A researcher- made questionnaire was used to collect the data. This questionnaire included the age, gender, smoking, blood pressure, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, diabetes the report of the Doppler ultrasonography of carotid arteries. Highest underlying diseases prevalence in carotid stenosis patients were hypertension (100%), hyperlipidemia (70.4%), smoking (43.8%), diabetes (40.9%) and Lung diseases (11.4%), respectively. Regarding results of this study, history of related diseases and diagnosis tests before CABG can provide suitable awareness from outcome for patients and reduces strokes after CABG.

Key Words:- CABG, Carotid stenosis, Hypertension, Hyperlipidemia, Smoking, Diabetes, Lung diseases.

ABSTRACT

The escalation of drugs and the related information in the 1900’s expanded and transformed the role of the pharmacist from the dispenser of drugs to that of the educator of both health care professionals and the patients regarding the medications in order to provide better outcomes for drug therapies. However, the recognition of this role in developing nations like Pakistan is still not observed due to lack of interaction and knowledge among the masses and the health care providers and the perception of a pharmacist as a patient counselor is still not established. A mix model design was selected targeting the physicians of Pakistan. 432 were sent questionnaires and 401 responded giving a response rate of 92.8%. The survey employed cross tabs and Chi square X2 test. The qualitative insights were given in quotes from Physicians as a generalized opinion. The aim was to describe a collective opinion of physicians evolving in Pakistan. A mixed response was seen, half of the physicians (45.5%) were willing to incorporate a pharmacist but as the other half was unwilling (45.6%). Few were unsure about the outcome (8.9%). The gender was associated with the perception. (P value <0.05). Those who responded in favor were of the view that a pharmacist is an important component in the health care system but those unwilling believed that a pharmacist involved in patient counseling will shift the patients’ confidence from the physicians towards themselves. The role of pharmacist within the developing countries like Pakistan is still recognized mainly as that of a dispensing professional and acceptance in a clinical setup by the physicians and the patients is still an ongoing process that can only be successfully implemented by reforms in the health care system as a whole.

Key Words:- Perceptions, Physicians, Patient Counseling, Quantitative, Qualitative, Pharmacist, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT

The investigation was carried out to determine the qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical screening and possible chemical components of C. arvensis aerial parts and roots by GC-MS. The aerial parts and roots showed the presence of as sugar, tannins, flavonoids, steroid, terpenoids and alkaloids. A total of 31 compounds, which were the major part of the extracts, were identified by matching mass spectra with a mass spectrum library (NIST 2.0 f). GC-MS analysis of acetone aerial parts extracts lead to identification of nine compounds while methanol aerial parts extract identification of seven compounds. Three compounds were identified from methanol roots extract. There were seven compounds identified from acetone roots extract and four compounds identified from aquatic roots extract.

Key Words:- Convolvulus arvensis, GC-MS, Phytochemical.

ABSTRACT

The pharmaceutical importance of Allium sativum is due to the presence of carbohydrate, protein, vitamins, essential metal and organosulpher compounds. Allicin is one of the active ingredients of freshly crushed garlic homogenates and showed a wide spectrum activity. The antimicrobial activity of different concentration of allicin against gram positive and gram negative bacterial isolate was studied by standard protocols. The maximum zone of inhibition has been observed in Bacillus subtitis and minimum for Proteus mizobills. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) varies bacteria to bacteria and fungus to fungus respectively. The effect of time, temperature and pH were also studied. The antibacterial efficacy was maintained at room temperature for maximum one week and maintains for longer time only at low temperature. Antimicrobial activity of garlic come from allicin, is mainly due to S-S and S-O bond which has the ability to react with thiol containing enzyme to form S-thiolation product, the broad spectrum antimicrobial effects of allicin is due to the multiple inhibitory effects on various thiol dependent enzymatic systems. The results indicate that allicin has antimicrobial activity.

Key Words:- Allium sativum, A.I, Antimicrobial activity, Richard’s liquid medium.

ABSTRACT

This is a case report focusing on a 60 yr old female patient who has experienced severe myelosuppression after treated with gemcitabine as a salvage regimen for the treatment of Metastatic breast cancer (MBC). In this case the patient was receiving gemcitabine as a salvage regimen after failure of CAF (cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, 5-fluorouracil) treatment, and she has developed with myelosuppression, which is a severe adverse drug reaction. Naranjo’s casuality assessment algorithm was used to assess the adverse effect and it indicated gemcitabine as definite cause of myelosuppression.

Key Words:- Metastatic breast cancer, Gemcitabine, Myelosuppression.