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ABSTRACT We presented two methadone addict cases with retinal vascular insult the first case was a 28-year-old woman complaining of sudden right eye visual loss. Ophthalmic examination showed retinal hemorrhage. She had history of previous opium addiction and using oral methadone for 6 months. The second case is a 56-year-old man with sudden sight loss since the day before. The patient had been on a stable dose of methadone (one tablet per day) from 6 months ago and reported a 15-year history of cigarette smoking which had quit for 8 months. Ophthalmic examination showed central retinal artery occlusion. Physicians should be aware of retinal vascular complications specially, central retinal artery and retinal hemorrhage because of the important role of these vessels in vision. Key Words:- Retinal vascular occlusion, Risk factors, drug abuse, methadone.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was households’ survey to evaluate the practices of self-medication in Kalanaur town of Haryana, India. A cross-sectional, pre and post-study was conducted using a set of household interview questionnaire. This study included 500 household in Kalanaur town, Haryana, India. 38.4% were male and 61.6% were female. The proportion of respondents having age 15-30 years 59.8%, 30-40 years 22.6%, 40-50 years 8.4%, 50-60 years 6%, and > 60 years 3.2% participated in this study. 64.6% were married and 35.4% were unmarried respondents. They lives in urban areas which may reflects high percentage of respondents had primary to high education level 49.8%, 42% had high to graduation level and 8.2% had post graduate. Majority of the families had a source of livelihood; regarding occupation earning being labour 42%, private sector 39% and 15.2 % families have government job as an income source and 4.2 % had work in fields. Families know all drugs have some side effects (pre-intervention 64.4%, post-intervention 83.4%), discontinue their treatment when they felt better and the symptoms disappeared (pre-intervention 59.2%, post-intervention 44.8%), preferred colour or taste of drugs (pre-intervention 40%, post-intervention 39.8%), preferred swallowed drugs (pre-intervention 57.4%, post-intervention 64.8%), preferred injection (pre-intervention 21.8%, post-intervention 15.8%) and preferred liquid dosage form (pre-intervention 19.2%, post-intervention 19.4%), practiced self medication (pre-intervention 70.2%, post-intervention 40.8%), chose medicines based on self experience(pre-intervention 36.2%, post-intervention 18.8%), consulting to doctor (pre-intervention 50.4%, post-intervention 61.2%), consulting to pharmacists (pre-intervention 15.4%, post-intervention 20%) and consulting from general shop or neighbours (pre-intervention 2.8%, post-intervention- no one), change the medicines due to suggestions of others (pre-intervention 11.4%, post-intervention 2.2%), household’s remedies for common ailments (pre-intervention 59.2%, post-intervention 54%). There is a widespread lack of knowledge about the use of medicines. Key Words:- Households, Pre and post study, Intervention, Self-medication.

ABSTRACT The electrochemical behavior of streptozotocin (STPZ) drug was studied using glassy carbon electrode modified with polyaniline based nanosensors in phosphate buffer solutions using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetric techniques. The reduction process was shown to be irreversible over the pH range (2.0–10.0) and the well defined reduction peaks are obtained at -0.53 V based on diffusion controlled. Effects of cathodic peak potential, current (Ipa), scan rate, pH, etc have been discussed. A possible electro reduction mechanism was proposed. An analytical method was developed for the determination of streptozotocin in phosphate buffer solution at pH 4.0 as a supporting electrolyte. The cathodic peak current varied linearly with streptozotocin concentration in the range 3.0×10−6 M to 5.0×10−3 M with a limit of detection (LOD) of 1.25 × 10−10 M and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.35 × 10−8 M. The proposed method was successfully applied to the determination of streptozotocin in pharmaceutical and human urine samples. Key Words:- streptozotocin, polyaniline, glassy carbon electrode, differential pulse voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry.

ABSTRACT Body weight loss in albino rats by the leaves of Abrus precatorius Linnaeus was studied. It was observed that leaves of A. precatorius L. could induce weight loss in rats. Weight loss started right from 10th day but significant loss was observed from 20th day onwards. Effect of seasons on body weight loss in rats by the leaves of A. precatorius L. was also studied. Results showed that leaves of A. precatorius L. during the months of July and August could induce maximum body weight loss in rats. Key Words:- Abrus precatorius L., Albino rats, Body weight loss, Seasonal variation.

ABSTRACT Chitin and Chitosan are polysaccharides found abundantly in nature. The presence of these polysaccharides is found largely in marine ecosystem next only to the plant source is noteworthy. Especially the production and consumption of crustaceans like crabs and prawns have increased in the recent years, thereby generating a large amount of solid shell waste. In the present study the crab, Scylla serrata having great importance in mangroves and a sought after species of crustaceans in the coastal region of the country is considered. The shell waste of the crab, Scylla serrata is taken for the extraction of Chitin and Chitosan by traditional method of demineralisation, deproteinisation and deacetylation process. Chitin and Chitosan extracted from natural source like crab is non-toxic and biodegradable biopolymer used in medicine, pharmacy and agriculture. By modifying some of the properties of these polysaccharides, they can act as bio adhesives, nanocomposites, antimicrobial agents and for other biocompatible applications. The Chitin and Chitosan obtained in the present study were analysed quantitatively and qualitatively. Thus ensuring the extracted Chitin and Chitosan could be considered for further applications. Keywords: Chitin, Chitosan, Scylla serrate, Polysaccharides.

ABSTRACT Previous phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of Momordica cochinchinensis fruits (MCF) has indicated the presence of steroids, flavonoids, glycosides and terpenoid types of compounds. Since these compounds are of pharmacological interest, coupled with the use of this plant in traditional medicine, prompted us to check Momordica cochinchinensis fruits for possible analgesic anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activities. The analgesic activity of MCF was studied using tail immersion method in mice. While the efficacy of the MCF (150 and 300mg/kg.p.o) was compared with pentazocaine 30 mg/kg. MCF recorded 79.88 % inhibition with the highest dose and 81.21% with pentazocaine. The antipyretic activity of MCF was studied in Brewer’s yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. MCF showed more significant activity. MCF was also subjected to evaluate anti-inflammatory activity by carrageenan induced rat paw edema. Indomethacin (100mg/kg) was taken as standard drug. MCF produced dose-dependent of oedema, which was comparable to Indomethacin and found to be 48.32% and 42.32 % inhibition in carrageenan induced rat paw edema model. Findings from the present study showed MCF to possess central and peripheral analgesic activity, anti-inflammatory property similar to steroidal and non-steroidal agents as well as antipyretic effect. Key Words:- Momordica cochinchinensis fruits, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and anti-pyretic activity.

ABSTRACT Aim to study the variant brachialis muscle. 100 upper limbs of 50 donated embalmed cadavers (45 males & 5 females) of age group ranging from 70 to 80 years were dissected in the department of Anatomy at K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, India. The variant brachialis muscle was observed in 10 specimen. All the upper limbs were thoroughly and meticulously dissected to note the variation of the brachialis muscle. The arterial pattern in the arm was also observed. The photographs of the variation of the brachialis muscle were taken for proper documentation. We found a variation in the insertion pattern of brachialis and entrapped median nerve and brachial artery due to the superficial position of the muscle, in relation to the neurovascular bundle. The brachialis was found to have an additional thick slip from the distal third of the muscle. The accessory slip partly merged with the origin of superficial flexors of the forearm and partly inserted to the medial aspect of olecranon process. The median nerve and brachial artery passed under this additional slip of brachialis. Knowledge of variation in the pattern of muscle insertion and possible neurovascular entrapment is important for orthopedic surgeons, plastic surgeons and physiotherapists. The abnormality reported here might result in neurovascular compression symptoms in upper limb and some mechanical advantages or disadvantage in the flexion of elbow joint. Key Words:- Median Nerve, Brachialis Muscle, Brachial Artery, Entrapment.

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Aim to study the variations in the muscles and nerves in the arm. 100 upper limbs of 50 donated embalmed cadavers (45 males & 5 females) of age group ranging from 70 to 80 years were dissected in the department of Anatomy at K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, INDIA. The variations in the muscles and nerves in the arm were observed in 2 specimens. The vascular pattern in the arm was also observed. The photographs of the variation of the formation of median nerve were taken for proper documentation. The variations in the muscles and nerves in the arm was observed in 2 specimens. The median nerve was found passing through supernumerary head of biceps brachii muscle. The short and long heads have their normal origin, supernumerary head had originated from the anteromedial surface of the superior part of the shaft of the humerus. The common tendon then got inserted into the posterior rough part of the radial tuberosity. The knowledge of such variations is important for anatomists and clinicians especially for plastic surgeons in flap surger.

Key Words:- Biceps brachii muscle, Supernumerary head of biceps brachii, Median nerve, Plastic surgeons.

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Aim to assess the common ocular problems in mentally handicapped and emphasize its importance. 40 mentally handicapped patients ranging from 20 to 70 years were examined at various homes for mentally challenged patients. An assessment of vision, anterior segment and fundus was done patients requiring further assessment were evaluated at R.L.J. Hospital and RC, Kolar. Few patients did not cooperate for visual acuity testing. All patients were given required treatment and training and their respective caretakers were instructed and educated on recognizing visual problems and complications. Out of 40 patients ocular manifestations found were refractive error 16 (40%) Strabismus 6 (15%), Glaucoma 7 (17.5%), congenital cataracts 4 (10%), ptosis 2 (5%), microphthalmos 2 (5%), optic atrophy 1 (2.5%), infective pathology 2 (5%). There is definite requirement of regular ophthalmic assessment of mentally handicapped patients from the time they are diagnosed. The refractive error correction as well as orthoptic correction definitely plays a significant role in their rehabilitation. Patients caretakers can be can be trained to take care of ocular hygiene of such patients. Regular ophthalmic checkup must be made a protocol in institutes taking care of mentally handicapped.

Key Words:- Mentally handicapped, Ophthalmic assessment, Refractive error.

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Aim to study the termination of sciatic nerve in popliteal fossa in 50 cadavers. 100 lower limbs of 50 donated embalmed cadavers (45 males & 5 females) of age group ranging from 70 to 80 years were dissected in the department of Anatomy at K. J. Somaiya Medical College, Sion, Mumbai, INDIA. The variant the termination of sciatic nerve in popliteal fossa were observed in 2 specimens. The musculo - vascular pattern in the back of thigh and leg was also studied. The photographs of the trifurcation of the sciatic nerve were taken for proper documentation and for ready reference. The sciatic nerve is the thickest nerve in the body. It leaves the pelvis via the greater sciatic foramen below piriformis and descends between the greater trochanter and ischial tuberosity, along the back of the thigh, dividing into the tibial and common peroneal (fibular) nerves at a varying level proximal to the knee. In the present study, we observed an unusual trifurcation of the sciatic nerve on the back of the left thigh in 2 specimens. The sciatic nerve terminates in the middle of the popliteal fossa in to the tibial, the common peroneal (fibular) and the sural nerves. The photographs of the trifurcation of the sciatic nerve were taken for proper documentation and for ready reference. The trifurcation of the sciatic nerve is very rare. The knowledge of low level of termination of sciatic nerve is important for clinicians and surgeons. Clinically, the sural nerve is widely used for both diagnostic (biopsy and nerve conduction velocity studies) and therapeutic purposes (nerve grafting). Thus, a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the sural nerve and its contributing nerves are important in carrying out these and other procedures.

Key Words:- Sciatic Nerve, Trifurcation, Tibial Nerve, Common Peroneal, Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve, Popliteal Fossa, Sural Nerve.

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The present study is the continuation of a program aimed at investigation of antioxidant, antimicrobial and photochemical properties of Momordica charantia (Karela) extract to justify the traditional claim endowed upon this herbal drug in Ayurveda. The In vitro antioxidant of methanolic extracts of Momordica charantia (Karela) extract. The antioxidant activity determinate by DPPH assay. The Momordica charantia (Karela) fruit extract have dose depended antioxidant activity. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated according to the disk diffusion method by using Gram positive; B. subtilius, S. aureus and S. epidermidis and Gram negative; E. coli, S. flexneri, P. aeruginosa bacteria. This study shows that methanolic extracts of Momordica charantia (Karela) inhibit the growth of microorganisms dose dependently. Phytochemical screening of the extracts showed the presence of glycosides, phytosterol, steroids, saponins, tannins and flavonoids. The presence of flavonoids and glycosides as major constituents of the plant extract that are commonly known to posses antimicrobial activity. These results confirm the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Momordica charantia (Karela) and support the traditional use of the plant in therapy of bacterial infection.

Key words: Antioxidant, Phytochemicals, Antibacterial, Disk Diffusion Method, Bacteria, Momordica charantia.

ABSTRACT The prevalence of MS has been reported to be on the rise globally, and was mainly attributed to changes in diet and lifestyle, in addition to genetic factors and metabolic susceptibility. The prevalence of T2DM in Saudi Arabia is increasing, making it an epidemic health hazard. Intervention programs to decrease the risk of progression from MS to full T2DM, and later CVD have been successful in many countries. Therefore, diagnosing MS is important to address risk factors and to prevent progression to the more serious chronic conditions. To find out the prevalence of MS in the given population of Saudi females. 528 female subjects, belonging to different professional and academic backgrounds from Ha’il region of Saudi Arabia. The study was carried out using the following tools for finding out the prevalence of MS in a female Saudi population using different anthropometric and bio-chemical parameters and cutoff points taken from WHO reference standards. SPSS Statistic 17 was used for statistical processing. Means and standard deviations were calculated for each variable using descriptive statistics. Stepwise regression model was used to perform correlations between different predictors of MS. Our results showed high positive association of FBG with FM and PBF in over-weight and obese females of the study sample. Similar positive association of FBG with BMI and WC was observed in overweight-obese girls. Our findings are in line with available data from previous studies on the relationship between adiposity and blood glucose level. Metabolic syndrome has high prevalence in our population and its prevalence increases with increasing age and BMI. Women are at higher risk for MS than men. Key Words:- Metabolic syndrome, Diabetes, Hypertension, Abdominal circumference, Blood glucose, Prevalence, Saudis.