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ABSTRACT

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the most common endocrinal disorder in women all over the world. In addition to infertility the rates of co morbidities are also significantly higher in women with PCOS. It has been associated with obesity and other metabolic abnormalities as well however the understanding of PCOS among both patients and community at large remains imprecise. A quantitative cross sectional survey was carried out to evaluate the perception of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS in Pakistan. This survey was conducted over a period of 8 months. The data was analyzed by SPSS and employed descriptive statistics and chi square tests. A total of 270 patients were available for their clinical data to be recorded. In terms of demographics, the survey revealed that majority of the patients (37%) were in adult age group and a considerable number of patients (25.9%) were also seen in middle age groups and teenage groups ( 22.2%), whereas geriatrics were observed to be the least in number (14.8%). In terms of BMI, majority were observed to be obese (51.8%) and extremely obese (22.2%). Finally, the patients were asked regarding their understanding about the disease, majority of patients (55.6%) answered negatively. The patients of polycystic ovarian syndrome are mostly young and the comprehension and awareness regarding the disease among the patients is generally found to be deficient. Equipping them with knowledge may lead to improved quality of life and a pharmacist can play a role in the said regard.

Key Words:- Perception, Attitude, Patients, Polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, Tertiary care setting, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT

To evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the seeds of Phaseolus semierectus. Anti-inflammatory activity was conducted by using Carrageenan induced rat paw oedema model. The thickness of paws of rats was measured every hour up to 5 hrs for methanolic extract at doses of 100, 200 and 400mg/kg by volume displacement method, using plethysmometer. All doses of the extract (methanol) from the seeds of Phaseolus semierectus showed significant percentage of inhibition on Carrageenan induced paw oedema; methanol extract from the seeds of Phaseolus semierectus at dose 400mg/kg produced significant (P<0.001) percentage of inhibition when compared to other doses. Phaseolus semierectus seeds extract (methanol), showed significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Key Words:- Phaseolus semierectus, Seeds, Anti-inflammatory activity.

ABSTRACT

The objective of the present study is to explore anti-steroidogenic and antioxidant properties of Methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum aerial plant. The different dose of methanolic extracts were given by gavage to rats in the In Vivo test at a dose of 100, 300, 500mg/kg of body weight to rats in group II, II & III respectively, along with control dose. At the end of study various parameter such as lipid profile, and anti-oxidant level in the testicular tissue were analyzed. Finding of this study explored a significantly increase (p<0.05) the total cholesterol, VLDL, LDL, and triglycerides levels in methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum treated rats when compared to control. But HDL cholesterol and anti-oxidant levels were significantly decreased in methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum treated rats in dose dependent manner and also we observed the role of Clerodendrum serratum on antioxidant defense mechanism in rat testis. The present study, it concluded that methanolic extract of Clerodendrum serratum capable to suppress the fertility in male rats without altering general metabolism.

Key Words:- Anti steroidogenic, Anti-oxidant, Clerodendrum serratum.

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to develop controlled release gastroretentive drug delivery system of Cefdinir and conducting its in vitro evaluations. Effervescent floating gastroretentive drug delivery system of Cefdinir was prepared utilizing Design-Expert 8.0.6.1 software (Stat-Ease Inc., USA) statistical design with 3 factors, 2 levels and 15 experimental trials. Formulation optimization was done by setting targets on selected responses. Optimized formulation showed satisfactory controlled in vitro drug release for more than 12 h with excellent buoyancy properties (floating lag time <1 min, floating duration >12 h). The statistically optimized formulation released drug according to zero order kinetics with a non-fickian diffusion mechanism. Better therapeutic effect can be expected since Cefdinir exhibits concentration dependent killing. Hence, gastro retention can be a promising approach to enhance bioavailability of Cefdinir with narrow absorption window in upper GIT.

Key Words:- Cefdinir, Floating tablets, Gastroretentive, Bioavailability, Optimization.

ABSTRACT

The macroscopic characters of L. lavandulaefolia, physical constant values, behaviour on treatment with different chemical reagents, fluorescence characteristics after treatment with different chemical reagents of the powder of L. lavandulaefolia were studied tofix some pharmacognostical parameters. Preliminary phytochemical studies and TLCcharacterization of different extractives has also been performed. These studies will help infuture for identifying the plant for further research.

Key Words:- L. lavandulaefolia, Pharmacognostical studies, Phytochemical Study.

ABSTRACT

The chemical constituents of the terpenoids and phenolic compounds of Fraxinus syriaca (family Oleaceae) aerial parts, grown in Uzbekistan was investigated and by colon chromatographic methods were isolated six known compounds. Their structures have been established on the basis of physicochemical and spectral parameters (UV, IR and PMR) and were identified with esculetin, fraxinol, tyrosol, salidroside, 7-ketologanin, esculin. Their antibacterial activity has been studied. Compounds - tyrosol, salidroside and 7-ketologanin were isolated from F. syriaca for the first time.

Key Words:- Fraxinus syriaca, esculetin, fraxinol, tyrosol, salidroside, 7-ketologanin, esculin,UV, IR, NMR-spectrum.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the present work is to develop a simple accurate, precise and cost effective UV- spectrophotometric method for the estimation of cefadroxil, a first generation cephalosporin an anti-biotic drug in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. The solvent used were aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (0.75M) and the l max or the absorption maxima of the drug was found to be 263nm. The method obeys Beers law in the concentration range of 10-50µg/ml respectively. The accuracy of the method was assessed by recovery studies and was found between 99.28 % ‐ 100.05 %. The method was successfully applied for routine analysis of this drug in formulations.

Key Words:- Cefadroxil, Sodium bicarbonate,  Beers law.

ABSTRACT

Advances have developed and commercialized in oral controlled release products. The significant challenges in developing controlled release formulations for drugs with poor aqueous solubility require different techniques for both solubilization and engineering of release profile. New therapeutics like peptides, proteins, oligonucleotides and vaccines demand for novel controlled release technologies. Challenges for the oral vaccines like instability and poor absorption in GIT have been overcome by lipid formulations. Developing a controlled release formulation for a water insoluble drug is challenging. Complexation and hydrogel reported as carrier for the intestinal delivery of peptides. Compression coating is an extension of tableting technology. Injection molding is a thermal process where polymer or polymer mixture is melted and injected to a mold to form a finished product eg. microneedle for transdermal delivery. Melt extrusion, injection moulding, and drug coating provides flexibility to design oral controlled release formulations. Controlled release delivery of poorly soluble compounds could be pursued through several approaches with combination of solubilization. Formulation designs with computer modeling help to achieve desired release profile of drugs. It is optimistic that oral dosage form of biopharmaceuticals including proteins, peptides, vaccines and nucleotides will become reality eventually with the advancement of the novel technologies. Diabetes mellitus is a common disease and its complications leads to excess morbidity, mortality, loss of independence and reduced quality of life. Diabetes mellitus is responsible for major health care problems and costing billions of dollars annually.  Novel approaches for insulin delivery are explored, including oral, nasal, rectal, transdermal, pulmonary, uterine, ocular delivery and subcutaneous implants. Making needles needless is gaining widespread prominence over the disadvantages of subcutaneous route. The oral route is most acceptable and convenient route of drug administration for chronic therapy. Extensive investigations are being conducted to achieve successful control of blood glucose by the oral delivery system.

Key Words:- Challenges, Oral controlled release, Peptides and Vaccines.

ABSTRACT

Surgery is an anxious experience in any form because it is a threat for body solidarity and even life. Various pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical methods were suggested to decrease patients\' anxiety such as relaxation methods, massage therapy, music therapy, Quran voice and etc. purpose of this study is investigating effect of an educational intervention on the preoperational anxiety of patients candidates for orthopedic surgery. In a clinical trial duble blind study, 50 patients were divided into two groups with 25 subjects; control group received 2mg oral diazepam one night before surgery and case group were trained. Information was studied by Scpilberger anxiety questionnaire. In study group anxiety was significantly decreased and in control group anxiety was decreased on surgery day but comparing anxiety of both groups in preoperational morning showed no significant difference (p>0.05). Results of this method had no significant difference with diazepam results; therefore by replicating study and achieving similar results training method can be used as an alternative for pharmaceutical method to decrease medicines side-effects.

Key Words:- Educational Intervention, Anxiety, Orthopedic Surgery.

ABSTRACT

A simple electroanalytical method for the simultaneous determination of isothiazolinones has been developed using a carbon fiber electrode. Electron transfer properties of carbon fiber electrode and carbon paste electrode are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI) and methylisothiazolinone (MI) can be separated at the carbon fiber electrode easier than carbon paste electrode. For differential pulse voltammetric measurements with suitable methodical parameters, linear concentrations are found over the ranges 4.0 - 230 mg L^-1 and 2-260 mg L^-1for MCI and MI, respectively. The method is applicable to the quantitative determination of MCI and MI in cosmetics. Findings using voltammetric determination and high-performance liquid chromatography method and were comparable.

Key Words:- Ultramicroelectrode, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, methylchloroisothiazolinone (MCI)/ methylisothiazolinone (MI), Cosmetics.

ABSTRACT

5-Hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) are implicated in modulating descending inhibitory pain pathways in the central nervous system. Milnacipran (MLN) is a selective and potent dual 5-HT and NE reuptake inhibitor (SNRI). In the present study, the effects of HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor atorvastatin (ATR) on antidepressant- induced anti-nociception had been investigated. Anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated in carrageenan induced inflammation and hyperalgesia in rats after administration of atorvastatin and milnacipran alone as well as in combination. Intra-plantar injection of 100 µL of 2% carrageenan produced significant rise in paw volume and reduction in paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli. The maximum inflammation and hyperalgesia (p>0.001) was produced at 4hr after carrageenan injection. Milnacipran did not exhibited any anti-inflammatory activity as it did not inhibit the rise of paw volume but produced statistically significant anti-nociceptive effect in this model by reducing the mean difference of paw withdrawal latency to thermal stimuli. Atorvastatin produced significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive effect. All four combinations of atorvastatin and milnacipran showed statistically significant reduction of rise of paw volume and mean difference of paw withdrawal latency. Atorvastatin modulated the antidepressant-induced anti-nociception in the model of carrageenan-induced inflammation and hyperalgesia however milnacipran failed to potentiate the anti-inflammatory activity of atorvastatin.

Key Words:- Atorvastatin, Carrageenan, Inflammation, Milnacipran.

ABSTRACT

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of Ashvagandha and Ashvagandha Compound in the management of Chittodvega (Generalized Anxiety Disorder) and to compare the effect of Ashvagandha (Withania somnifera Linn.) and Ashvagandha Compound. Materials and Methods: This study is a comparative study consisting of two groups of 15 patients each where 15 patients received Ashvagandha Churna in the dose of 4gm thrice daily with milk after food for a month and the other 15 patients received Ashvagandha Compound in the dose of 4gm thrice daily with milk after food for a month. The selected patients were assigned into two groups (Group A) Ashvagandha group and (Group B) Ashvagandha compound group (Ashvagandha, Shankhapushpi (Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois.) and Yastimadhu (Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.)) follow up for two months every 15 days after the treatment. Discussion and Results: Overall effects of therapies showed that 46.66% of patients had mild improvement in Ashvagandha Churna group as well as 53.33 % of patients had mild improvement in Ashvagandha Compound group whereas 46.66% moderate improvement in both the groups whereas 6.66% of patients remained unchanged in Ashvagandha Churna group. No patient had complete remission or marked improvement in both the groups. Conclusion: The improvement in Ashvagandha Churna group was more than that of Ashvagandha Compound group after completition of the treatment. Ashvagandha Churna had provided better improvement in signs and symptoms over Ashvagandha Compound which is maintained even during follow up study. But overall improvement was better in Ashvagandha Compound group over Ashvagandha Churna group.

Key Words:- Ashvagandha, Withania somnifera Linn., Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Chittodvega, Convolvulus pluricaulis Chois., Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn., Shankhapushpi, Yastimadhu.

ABSTRACTA

case of olanzapine- induced bilateral pedal oedema in a 40 year old male patient with a diagnosis of schizophreniaof paranoid type is discussed. The exact mechanism of olanzapine to cause bilateral pedal oedema is not known; a number ofpossible mechanisms are discussed. It is suggested that the clinicians should remain vigilant to promptly recognize thisuncommon adverse reaction of olanzapine. Naranjo’s casuality assessment algorithm was used to assess the adverse effect andit indicated olanzapine as probable cause of bilateral pedal edema.

Key Words:- Schizophrenia, Olanzapine, Bilateral Pedal Edema.

ABSTRACT

The global problem of increasing drug resistance has extended the search of antimicrobial agents to a new class of compounds keeping aside the known antibiotics. The antimicrobial effects of the zinc sulphide (ZnS) nanocrystals and the anticarcinogenic agent oxaliplatin were studied by spot inoculation technique and also by well diffusion technique against twelve pathogenic bacterial strains. Nanoparticles of ZnS showed antimicrobial activity against both Gram positive and Gram negative strains except Shigella sonnei. The anticancer drug oxaliplatin was inhibitory for only Gram negative organism Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853. Synergism between oxaliplatin and ZnS nanoparticles was distinctly observed case of Gram negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853 strain.

Key Words:- zinc sulfide, nanoparticles, oxaliplatin, antimicrobial activity.