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A supercritical fluid is any substance at a temperature and pressure above its critical point, where distinct liquid and gas phases do not exist. It can effuse through solids like a gas, and dissolve materials like a liquid. In addition, close to the critical point, small changes in pressure or temperature result in large changes in density. Carbon dioxide and water are the most commonly used supercritical fluids, being used for decaffeination and power generation, respectively. Surface tension in a supercritical fluid, as there is no liquid/gas phase boundary. One of the most important properties is the solubility of material in the fluid. Solubility in a supercritical fluid tends to increase with density of the fluid (at constant temperature). Since density increases with pressure, solubility tends to increase with pressure. The relationship with temperature is a little more complicated. At constant density, solubility will increase with temperature. Supercritical fluid technology (SCFT) can be classified into three broad categories depending on the way Super Critical Fluid-CO2 is being used. Although supercritical Fluid technology is not yet widespread in the pharmaceutical industry, except for extraction of active compounds from vegetal sources (phytopharma-/nutra-ceuticals), many promising applications are now under development, especially for new drug formulations through innovative particle design.Key Words:-Anti-solvent, Bio-catalyst, Decaffeination, Supercritical fluids.

In dosage  forms  solid orals gain  maximum popularities, about 85 % because of  many  advantages over others. The therapeutic activity of these formulation is obtained through a typical manner like disintegration followed by dissolution. H ence disintegration has major role for facilitating drug activity and thus gain popularity among other dosage forms. Disintegrant   are substances  or  mixture  of  substances  added  to  the  drug  formulation  that  facilitates  the  breakup  or  disintegration  of  tablet  or capsule content into smaller particles that dissolve more rapidly than in the absence of disintegrants. In recent years several newer  agents  have  been  developed  known  as  superdisintegrants.  Super  disintegrants  are  used  to  improve  efficacy  of  solid dosage  form  and  influence  the  release  of  dosage  form.  The  plant  derived  natural  superdisintegrants  comply  with  many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients as they are non-toxic, stable, easily available, associated with less regulatory issues as  compared  to  their  synthetic  counterpart  and  inexpensive.  This  review  discuss  about  the  development  of  various  kinds  of natural super disintegrating agents along with their role in the tablets disintegration and as potent candidate to be used in   oral dispersible tablets which are being used in the formulation to provide safer, effective drug delivery with patient compliance.

Raft forming systems have received much attention for the delivery of antacids and drug delivery for gastrointestinal infections and disorders. Floating Rafts have been used in the treatment of Gastric esophageal reflux disease (GERD). The mechanism involved in the raft formation includes the formation of viscous cohesive gel in contact with gastric fluids, wherein each portion of the liquid swells forming a continuous layer called a raft. This raft floats on gastric fluids because of low bulk density created by the formation of CO2. Usually, the system contains a gel forming agent and alkaline bicarbonates or carbonates responsible for the formation of CO2 to make the system less dense and float on the gastric fluids. The present study is to develop a formulation, optimization and evaluation of raft forming suspension of Ranitidine using different raft forming agents Sodium Alginate, Guar gum, Carbopol 974P, and Xanthan gum used in combination for good raft development and improve bioavailability. It starts with preliminary screening of raft forming agent and the design of the experiment done by 32 factorial designs optimized formulation. Later F3 selected for stability study as per ICH guidelines.Key Words:- Ranitidine, Raft Forming Suspension, GERD.

This research used qualitative and statistical analysis of clinical data and results from laboratory investigations to elucidate the underlying causes of hyperkalaemia amongst a small cohort of hospital inpatients at tertiary hospital in South Australia. The goal of this research study was to assess and document co-morbidities and underlying conditions associated with hyperkalaemia in admitted patients in a hospital setting. Fifty cases of hyperkalaemia were analysed. Common co-morbidities recorded included diabetes mellitus (40%), ischaemic heart disease (34%), and documented renal failure 44%. The duration of hyperkalaemia was significantly longer for patients who were treated with cation exchange resin (p=0.01), which was expected because more severe or refractory cases were most likely to be managed with resin. Similarly, the duration of hyperkalaemia was significantly longer for those treated with the combination of insulin/dextrose and resin, compared to those treated with resin only (p=0.04), which might reasonably be expected because that combination of medications tends to be used for resistant cases. Data analysis suggests that polypharmacy, advanced age, and multiple medical co-morbidities are risk factors for adverse outcomes from hospitalization. More extensive research using a design with a larger sample size and more detailed analysis is needed. Key Words:- Polypharmacy, Hyperkalaemia, Ischaemic heart disease.

The present investigation was aimed at developing Rosuvastatin calcium loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs). The SLNs were prepared by Hot Homogenization followed by ultrasonication method. Cholesterol, stearic acid, polaxomer 188 & tween 80 were employed as lipid carriers and surfactants respectively. Earlier, Fourier transform infrared studies confirmed no interaction between drug and lipids. Particle size, zeta potential, shape and surface morphology (SEM), % entrapment efficiency and invitro release rates were evaluated for SLNs.Key Words:-Solid lipid nanoparticles, Rosuvastatin calcium, hot homogenizer, Ultrasonicator etc.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), also known as chronic myeloid leukemia, is a myeloproliferative disorder characterized by increased proliferation of the granulocytic cell line without the loss of their capacity to differentiate. Consequently, the peripheral blood cell profile shows an increased number of granulocytes and their immature precursors, including occasional blast cells. CML progresses through three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast. In the chronic phase of disease, mature cells proliferate; in the accelerated phase, additional cytogenetic abnormalities occur; in the blast phase, immature cells rapidly proliferate. CML has three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blastic. Symptoms vary depending on the phases of CML. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the initial treatment of choice for most chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) patients. Imatinib is one of the first TKIs approved for patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia; second-generation TKIs have shown greater efficacy and response compared to imatinib. We report one such case of chronic myeloid leukemia in a 66 years old male who was diagnosed with CML and who was treated by Dr. Appa Rao with the protocol involving Immunonutritive therapy. Key Words:- Chronic myeloid leukemia, philadelphia chromosome, hyperleukocytosis, Immunonutritive therapy.