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ABSTRACT

With more than half of all alcohol drinkers in India falling into the criteria for hazardous drinking, alcohol abuse is emerging as a major public-health problem in the country. The country, which has seen a rapid proliferation of city bars and nightclubs in recent years, is fast shedding its inhibitions about alcohol as a lifestyle choice. Sales of alcohol have seen a growth rate of 8% in the past 3 years. We conducted this study to find the prevalence, pattern and predictors of alcohol consumption among college students in Gwalior district of Madhya Pradesh (India). Students were (from professional and nonprofessional colleges) were randomly selected for the present study. Information on socio-demographic details, family history of alcohol consumption, knowledge of health effects of alcohol consumption, frequency and quantity of alcohol consumption, age at initiation, reason for initiation and pattern of drinking was collected using an anonymous structured, and self-administered questionnaire. The questionnaire was developed by the authors and pre-tested on a few college students in Gwalior. Data were collected during the months of January-February, 2012. The confidentiality was maintained by emphasizing not to report their personal identifiers in the questionnaire. Data were entered and analyzed statistically.

Key Words:- Hazardous drinking, Beneficial and harmful effects of alcohol, Smart regulation.

ABSTRACT

The activities of Indian community pharmacist involvement in management of modern medicines were still unknown. This has increased some adverse effects. The pharmacists are losing their confidence in fulfilling their professional aspirations in developing their professional role. The objective of the study was to determine the community pharmacist attitudes towards professional practice in South India. This cross sectional study consist of questionnaires determining the four activities namely managerial activity, dispensing activity, pharmaceutical care activity and health care activity which was asked to fill by the pharmacist. The data was collected, entered into excel and analyzed for descriptive statistics. Out of total 50 community pharmacists 90% of them were male and 10% were female. A maximum of 74% have below 10 years of experience. Nearly 54% of them not studied even diploma but have ample years of experience. The highest percentage was scored by managerial and dispensing activity. In pharmaceutical care activities, the percentages were lower being 50-60%. The knowledge of ADR was relatively poor. The health care activities scored the lowest among entire questionnaire which shows least importance in public care activities. This study shows clear view that community pharmacist were still in traditional practice i.e just dispensing the medicines. Pharmaceutical care, ADR and self-care were still distant from community pharmacist. The pharmacist’s role in patient care is expected to grow as professional and educational standards develop. The health care services in community pharmacy are currently insignificant and must undergo changes to meet the changing needs of the modern medicine users.

Key Words:- Community Pharmacist, Pharmaceutical Care, Health Care, Adverse Drug Reactions.

ABSTRACT

                We aimed to evaluate the effect of Entonox on the intensity of labor pain during delivery stages. A clinical trial study was conducted among 200 pregnant women with the gestational age of (37-41 weeks) who referred to a medical center, obstetric and gynecology ward in Ahwaz during year 2011. The subjects were equally and randomly divided into two Entonox (trial) and Oxygen (control) groups by a coin. Mean duration of active phase in the Entonox and control groups was 4.07± 3.2 and 5.28 ± 4.7 hours respectively. The association was significantly different between two groups (p= 0.03). The mean of pain severity during three consequent contractions in the trial and control groups was 5.18± 1.29 and 8.99 ± 1.98 respectively which was significantly different (p < 0.005). Entonox is more effective to reduce pain during labor and delivery. Entonox is cheap, safe and easily available for pain relieving labor. It has no severe side effect on mother and not any side effect on neonate.

Key Words:- Entonox, Labor pain, Nitrous Oxide, Vaginal delivery.

ABSTRACT

                To demonstrate drug treatment anatomically the functional difference in each intestinal part of male mice  after treatment with beta-agonist fenoterol  at 7,14,21 and 28 days. The villous height and the fine structure of absorptive epithelial cells in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were compared after drug treatment. Duodenum had the highest villi at the initial stage followed by undeveloped lower jejunum villi, while the latter showed a marked growth rate up to last stages of investigation. The outstanding morphological feature of the tube like small intestine is enormously increased absorptive surface which is achieved by three particularities: a) Valvulaeconniventes (Kerkrings) which are prominent mucosal folds in duodenum and jejunum, less so in the upper ileum ; b) Finger like villi, projections of the mucosal layer which is more frequent in duodenum and jejunum than ileum; c) Striated border of the upper part of the absorptive epithelium, now known to consist of  microvilli. The mucosal epithelial layer providing this huge surface is the vital barrier through which absorption takes place. Epithelial layer lines the villi and consist of the primary absorptive columnar cells and a number of mucous secreting cells, both of which are constantly renewed in the crypts. The histological characterizations revealed that the wall of the intestine is composed of the tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis and tunica serosa. Intestinal mucosa displays many villi and a simple columnar epithelium in associated with goblet cells and intraepithelial lymphocytes. The columnar cells of the intestine have microvilli towards the lumen and are joined together at the apical surfaces by the junctional complexes. Fenoterol, on the other hand, may directly affect the epithelial cells counteracting any villus alterations or degeneration of fibers. The administration of fenoterol has been associated with the relaxation of the small intestine with broader and longer villi, thick mucosa, expanded Brunner’s gland.  Splitting of fibers and changes in the shape of cells, fibrolysis, hypertrophy and degeneration of muscle fibers, have been reported in experimental animals. The severity of intestinal morphological changes appears to increase with dose and time. The morphology of gut of normal animals differs from that of treated one. The aim of the study is to ascertain the effect of fenoterolon small intestine. We have administered equimolar dose of fenoterol to mice for 28 days to see its effects on small intestine in order to test the hypothesis that fenoterol would produce powerful anabolic and ergogenic effects.

Key Words:- Beta –agonist, Fenoterol, Villi, Epithelial cells, lumen.

ABSTRACT

Diabetes mellitus [DM], referred to common endocrine metabolic disorder characterized by chronic hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) in the context  of insulin secretion by pancreas is inadequate, or might be improper response by body\'s cells to insulin, or both. The main objective of the present study is to evaluate the antidiabetic potentials of Garuga pinnata stem bark. The in vitro antidiabetic activities are evaluated by using α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzyme inhibition assays. The results revealed that methanol extract exhibited significant percentage of inhibition 70.9, 66.2 % at 40 and 20 mg/ml and followed by aqueous extract 63.3, 56.9% at 40 and 20 mg/ml. The IC₅₀ values of methanol extract for α-amylase and α-glucosidase are 52.5 and 51.6 noticed at 10 mg/ml. In vivo antidiabetic efficacy of methanol and aqueous extracts of stem bark was evaluated in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The study revealed that methanol extract was found more significant (P<0.01) in reduction of blood glucose levels and also in the increase in the animal body weight.

Key Words:- α-amylase, α-glucosidase, in vitro, in vivo, streptozotocin.

ABSTRACT

The present research aimed to study mental disorder is those who had epilepsy between boys & girls and also to assess relationship of it with age at children. It was a cross-sectional study as 48 children who had Epilepsy that had referred to Iran association of epilepsy in Tehran city, Iran, 2012. This study was approved by Islamic Azad University, Rodehen branch and Ethics Committee (IAU/R-405-2012). All subjects (26 boys and 22 girls) among 6-12 years old has selected by simple random sampling, then if parents of children were happy to participate of their children in this study, then that we request them to sign consent form & field up the standard questionnaires (CSI-4). Data has entered & analyzed by SPSS (version 17), and using that of person correlation coefficient and independent t-test. In this study has shown that where was not a significant difference between girls & boys with epilepsy in respect to mental disorders and there was negative significant between age and mental disorder only in I factor (social phobia), these fore symptoms of I factor was more in lower age of children with epilepsy. Physicians and psychologists should not pay attention to age and gender of children with epilepsy as a predispose factor of mental disorders.

Key Words:- Epilepsy, children, boys & girls, mental disorder.

ABSTRACT

Ciprofloxacin is a Fluoroquinolone antibiotic, widely used for the treatment of various bacterial infections. Inspite of its therapeutic utility, it has several side-effects, like developmental toxicity in growing children. As there is lacune in the genetic and cytotoxic studies, we have planned to do this study. In this study we have evaluated the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic effect of Ciprofloxacin (CFX), on cultured human lymphocytes by an invitro method. This drug was found to have Cytotoxic and Genotoxic effects on human lymphocyte cultures in vitro.  This might be one of the reasons for various ill effects of Ciprofloxacin.

Key Words:- Ciprofloxacin, Cytotoxicity, Genotoxicity.

ABSTRACT

An Isocratic RP-HPLC method for the simultaneous quantitative and qualitative determination of Clindamycin phosphate and Clotrimazole in soft gelatin vaginal suppositories has been developed and validated with U.V detection at 210 nm. The method utilizes a reversed phase C₈ – (250 mm x 4.6 mm, 5mm) Column to analyze samples and mobile phase was prepared in the mixture of Phosphate buffer: Acetonitrile: Methanol in the ratio of 40:30:30 %v/v. Flow rate was maintained at 1.5 ml/min. column temperature was maintained at 40^oC.Forced degradation studies are carried out and samples are analysed. The  stressed Blank, Placebo and sample solutions shows that there is no interference of Blank and placebo peaks and degradents peaks at the retention time of Clindamycin phosphate and Clotrimazole. Retention time of Clindamycin phosphate and Clotrimazole was found to be 2.39 and 6.57 min respectively. The average recovery of Clindamycin phosphate and Clotrimazole was found to be 100.6 % and 100.3%. The described method of Clindamycin phosphate and Clotrimazole is linear over a range of 59.4μg/ml-178.2 μg/ml and Clotrimazole in range of 50-150 μg/ml and correlation coefficient of both drugs was found to be 0.999.A simple, rapid, precise, stable and accurate liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) was developed. The peak purity index values of standard and sample solutions are within the Acceptance criteria.

Key Words:- RP-HPLC, Clindamycin Phosphate, Clotrimazole.

ABSTRACT

                To synthesize, Characterization of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole along with the evaluation of Antibacterial activity. 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles are the five membered ring compound which are commonly used pharmacophores due to their fantastic metabolic profile. They are thermostabile compounds by which they can stay at any temperature during synthesis process. They are reported to have wide range of Biological activities such as antitubercular, antibacterial, antifungal, antipyretic, analgesic activities. Sulfonamide derivatives of 1,3,4-Oxadizoles are reported to have excellent hypoglycemic action. 1,3,4-oxadiazole were synthesized by conventional method in   the scheme by using 5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol. Seven (a-g) biologically active compounds of N-Phenyl-2-((5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)sulfanyl) acetamide were prepared by using incorporation of Chloro-, Nitro-, Amino- & Nitro- moieties to the side benzene rings. Physical & spectral data was evaluated. NMR Spectra (δ ppm) of N-Phenyl-2-((5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-yl)sulfanyl) acetamide 10.4( S, 1H, -CONH),  7.2 – 7.6 (M, 10H, Ar-H) & 4.4 (S, 2H, CH2), Mass Spectra got  Molecular ion peak (M+1) at m/z 312. Antibacterial activity of derived compounds was evaluated by using Agar diffusion method, to estimate the inhibitory concentration. Ampicillin (10µg/ml) taken as the standard control. Compound b, c, g was found to have good antibacterial activity & the results were significantly comparable to the standard control.

Key Words:- 1,3,4-Oxadiazole, Antibacterial activity, Agar diffusion method, Ampicillin(10µg/ml), DMSO.