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ABSTRACT The present research objective is to formulate and evaluate antitubercular drug loaded microspheres by precipitation technique by varying the concentration of polymer and homogenization and ultrasonication time. Primary optimization of microspheres was done by particle size, zetapotential, polydispersity index. A SEM study was carried out for the optimized formulation and the results show a uniform spherical, smooth surfaced and micron sized particles. Further Percentage Yield, Entrapment Efficiency, Drug Content, Invitro drug release, Invitro release kinetics studies and stability studies are carried out for all the formulation. Among all the formulation F5 Rifampicin microsphere shows best physical and release characteristics. The Particle size, Zetapotential and Polydispersity index of F5 was found to be 890.2 d.nm, -37.9 mV and 0.702, which shows the particle size was in range with good stable surface charge distribution around the particle. Thus it was concluded that Precipitation method with High speed homogenizer speed of 1000 RPM and ultrasonication pulse with 20 min was an optimized factorial parameter for formulation of Rifampicin loaded microsphere. Key Words:- Microspheres, Precipitation method, High speed homogenizer, Ultrasonication, Chitosan.

ABSTRACT The aim of the study was to establish the characteristics of restructuring of salivary glands of rats with chronic alcohol intoxication and their quantitative morphometric characteristics.The experiments were performed on rats, which were forcibly intragastricaly administered 25% solution of ethanol in a dose of 1.5% of body weight. Morphological studies were performed in 5, 9, 12, 16, 24, 28 days from the beginning of the experiment. Morphometric study included determination of square of nuclei and cytoplasm of serocytes; nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio; number of cells in an area of acini.During the study we found that chronic alcohol intoxication caused a restructuring of acini cells and stromal of the studied organs. The restructuring in the early stages of alcohol intoxication (from 5 to 9 days of observation) manifested a strong progressive hyperplasia of acini with the extension of the striped ducts and simultaneous narrowing of the intercalated duct size, due to the pressure of swollen cells of acini, that was especially characteristic for mandibular salivary gland. The cells of acini of both types of glands were increased in volume by increasing of hydrated cytoplasm.Between 12 to 16 days of the experiment we observed a certain stabilization of identified processes. However. The further observations with increasing duration of chronic alcohol poisoning revealed that secretory units of salivary glands, on the contrary, gradually exposed to the atrophic changes. This simultaneously increased the layer of connective tissue, a large number of fatty inclusion were observed in the glandulocytes. Atrophic changes were also observed in epithelial cells that line the ducts of the salivary glands.It should be noted that these processes in glands of both locations proceeded the same way, but the intensity of their development was different. More intense changes manifested in the parotid glands, which may be due to the morphological and functional of the differences discovered glands.The estimated histological features of the restructuring of the salivary glands and their differences depending on the type and location of gland had their objective quantitative morphometric confirmation. Key Words:- Hyperemia, Edema, Atrophy, Sclerosis.

ABSTRACT The present study was to evaluate ethanolic extract Ziziphus jujuba fruit for its protective effect in gentamicin-induced acute renal failure in rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups. Group one is negative control fed with water, group two is treated with gentamicin(80 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for 8 days to induce nephrotoxicity, group three and four served as test groups and treated with Ziziphus jujuba 250mg/kg and 500mg/kg respectively concomitantly with gentamicin for 8days by oral route. Nephrotoxicity was assessed by measuring the abnormal levels of serum urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN),sodium and potassium. It was observed that treatment with Ziziphus jujuba fruit extract significantly protected rat kidneys from gentamicin-induced Nephrotoxicity by restoring the plasma urea, creatinine, BUN, sodium and potassium levels. In addition, treatment with Ziziphus jujuba protected from gentamicin induced microscopical changes in kidney structure. The results suggest that supplementation of Ziziphus jujuba fruit extract may be useful in reducing gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Key Words:- Ziziphus jujuba, Ethanolic extract, Gentamicin induced nephrotoxicity, Renopretective.

ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a disorder with increased concentration of blood glucose level because of dearrangement in carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism due to defective secretion or defective action of insulin. WHO estimated that, in 1995 that the number of people with diabetes anticipates rising from current estimate of 150-220 million in 2010 and 300 million in 2025 in that India is the leading country with more number of peoples suffer with diabetes. It has been reported that approximately 58 million people would suffer with diabetes by the year of 2025 in India. Some common therapies used in the treatment of diabetes includes insulin, sulfonylureas, biguanides and thiazolidinediones. Although , oral hypoglycemic agents/insulin are the major drugs used for the treatment of diabetes and are effective in controlling hyperglycemia, they have prominent side effects and fail to alter the course of diabetic complications. The purpose of present study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of leaves of Ficus hispida (MEFH) on STZ induced rats. MEFH was subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening, acute oral toxicity study. Effect of MEFH on SGOT, SGPT, total cholesterol, HDL, TG, LDL, VLDL, serum total protein, serum creatinine, serum urea and glycogen content were studied. Antioxidant enzymes like LPO, SOD, CAT and GPx were also studied and histopathology studies were carried out. Key Words:- Ficus hispida, Streptazotocin (STZ), Antioxidant, Diabetes mellitus.

ABSTRACT Traditional medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60 per cent world population. Diabetes is an important human ailment officiating many from various walk of life in different countries including India. It providing to a major health problem, especially in the rural and subrural areas. Gymnema sylvestre R.Br. (Asclepiadaceae) is a herb distributed throughout the world. The leaves of the plant are widely used for the treatment of diabetes and as diuretic in India proprietary medicine. Gymnema sylvestre an Ayurvedic herb, came to be known as “destroyer of sugar” because, in ancient times, Ayurvedia physicians observed that chewing a few leaves of G. sylvestre suppressed the taste of sugar. It is used totally all over India for controlling blood sugar. This study was to determine effect of Gymnema sylvestre on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Pioglitazone in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Results have indicated the negative effect of Gymnema sylvestre on pharmacokinetics but positive effect on pharmacodynamics of Pioglitazone. Key Words:- Gymnema sylvestre, Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, Diabetes, Pioglitazone.

ABSTRACT The paper reveals the role of electricity power and road infrastructures on real GDP. A time series data from 1975 to 2013 is employed. Moreover, following determination of order of integration of variables, Engle-Granger co-integration test has been undertaken to test the presence of long run equilibrium among the variables involved. The result reveals the existence of long run equilibrium. The study confirms that, broad money supply, electricity power and paved road have a positive and significant effect on real GDP while inflation affects growth negatively both in the short run and long run models. However, gravel road is insignificant both in the long run and short run cases. Keywords: Infrastructure development, Engle-Granger co-integration, Ethiopia.

ABSTRACT “I am dead” is the sentence usually heard by the patients of Cotard‟s syndrome. The syndrome is characterized by nihilistic delusion. Patients believe that they have lost organs, blood or body parts, some saying they are putrefying and some even giving their cause of death. Studies from different sources showed that the syndrome is normally found in middle aged or older people of which most of them were females. According to current study, scientific reviews, articles and case studies, it is found most often in associated with schizophrenia depression, also in patients suffering from neurological illness, organic lesions of brain, traumatic brain injuries, brain dysfunction, Capgras delusion and in rare case anxiety & feeling of guilty or self consciousness. The treatment generally includes the use of anti-psychotics, anti-depressants, mood stabilizers and electro convulsive therapy (ECT), among them ECT was found to be most effective. However, the DSM-IV-TR and ICD-10 does not classified Cotard‟s syndrome as a separate disorder. The aim of current study was to emphasize on the reason, spread awareness and consequences of this strange Cotard‟s syndrome. Key Words:- Cotard‟s syndrome, Nihilistic Delusions, Capgras delusion, ECT, depression.

ABSTRACT Indiscriminate dumping of wastes contaminates surface and ground water supplies. In urban areas, solid waste clogs drains, creating stagnant water for insect breeding and floods during rainy seasons. Uncontrolled burning of wastes and improper incineration contributes significantly to urban air pollution. This study sought to assess waste management of pharmaceutical companies through descriptive ways. The results of this study indicate that factories separation processes, transportation and temporary storage of waste within the plant was higher than the average of the Ministry of Health. Waste Management evaluation of companies indicated that in pharmaceutical companies waste Management processes are relatively in good condition. Key Words:- Management, Waste, Checklist, Pharmacy, Tehran.

ABSTRACT Mud therapy is a simple, cost effective and efficacious treatment used in treatment of neurological, rheumatological, cardiovascular, gynecological, inflammatory and menstrual cycle disorders. The mud used for this should be clean and taken from 122 to 156 cm depth from the surface of the ground. It should be free from contamination of stone pieces and chemical manures, etc. Before using, mud should be dried in sun rays, powdered and sieved to separate stones, grass particles and other impurities. Mud therapy is used for giving coolness to the body. Mud dilutes and absorbs the toxic substances of body and ultimately eliminates them from the body. In different disease conditions like constipation, headache due to tension, high blood pressure and skin disease, mud is used successfully. Key Words:- Mud, Fangotherapy, Clay, Peat, Naturopathy.

ABSTRACT Orally disintegrating Tablet [ODT] is a marvel dosage form which disintegrates in mouth with in seconds with rapid onset of action and most convenient for oral route of administration. Patient compliance will be impediment for bitter drugs become unpleasant unless taste masked. Desloratadine is an antihistaminic and often prescribed for elderly and children hence the objective of this study is to develop a pleasant, patient friendly orally disintegrating tablet with superior patient compliance. Taste masking of Desloratadine was done with Polacrillin potassium, ion- exchange resin complexation. The taste masked complex was formulated as ODT with a novel co-processed excipient system used as diluent. Superior product performance characteristics were observed in terms of mechanical strength and disintegration time. The Desloratadine orally disintegrating tablets have undergone accelerated and real time stability study up to six months and found stable. A laboratory scale up was performed to ensure the feasibility of commercial manufacturing. Key Words:- Desloratadine, Orally disintegrating tablet [ODT], Taste masking, Ion exchange resin, Complexation, Stability study.

ABSTRACT The present study was to evaluate the protective effect of ethanolic extract of Plectranthus vettiveroides (EEPV) roots against paracetamol and D‑galactosamine induced hepatic toxicities in Wistar rats. Two different experiments of 10 and 14 days against paracetamol and D‑galactosamine, respectively. Six group of animals. The control group received normal saline, a toxicant group in two experiments received paracetamol 750 mg/kg p.o. every 72 h for 10 days and D‑galactosamine 400 mg/kg i.p. single dose. The EEPV was used at the two dose levels of 120 and 240 mg/kg/day. Treatment groups treated with it also administered with D‑galactosamine, finally blood was withdrawn from the animals for serum estimation of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transferase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate trasnferase (SGPT), albumin, bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), animals was sacrificed, and liver tissue was excised for estimation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (lipid peroxidation, malondialdehyde), tissue glutathione (GSH) and histopathological studies. It was evident from the biochemical estimation that both paracetamol and galactosamine caused hepatotoxicity in the toxicant groups. However, treatment with EEPV significantly (P < 0.001, vs. toxicant) reduced the levels of SGOT, SGPT, serum bilirubin, and ALP, as well as decreased lipid peroxidation. In addition, treatment with test formulation also significantly (P < 0.001, vs. toxicant) elevated serum albumin and GSH levels compared to toxicant groups. On the basis of these studies and comparative evaluation it can be concluded that the extract showed hepatoprotective activity against paracetamol and D‑galactosamine at 120 mg/kg and 240 mg/kg. Key Words:- Hepatoprotective, liver disease, EEPV.

In this present research poorly water soluble extract of Arthrospira platensis was formulated into Nanosuspension by Nanoprecipitation method by using various surfactants and by altering the homogenization speed to decrease the particle size and to enhance the solubility. The physicochemical parameters of Arthrospira platensis extract containing nanosuspension were characterized by UV Spectroscopy and FTIR studies. The Arthrospira platensis extract containing nanosuspension were characterized by Zeta Sizer, Drug content, Entrapment Efficiency, SEM, In vitro drug release studies and stability studies. The preformulation FTIR studies confirm that there is no any incompatibility between the extract and the excipients. Zeta potential and mean particle size studies confirm that the Nanosuspension particles are in the nanosized range and also it shows uniform distribution of surface charges throughout the particles in the formulation which shows the good stability and dispersibility of particles in the phase. By increasing the homogenization time, it shows that there is a decrease in particle size of the nanosuspension. The In vitro drug release studies shows that F6 formulation shows maximum and desirable release pattern of drug release for 98.45% at 30 minutes time interval. Based on these results we concluded that the F6 formulation of Arthrospira platensis extract containing nanosuspension was the best formulation. The In vitro drug release studies shows that F3formulation shows maximum and desirable release pattern of drug release for 96.54% at 30 minutes time interval. Based on these results we concluded that the F3 nanoemulsion containing Arthrospira platensis extract was the best formulation