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ABSTRACT The methanolic extract of leaves of Sorghum vulgare (L.) was studied for the hepatoprotective effect using Carbon tetrachloride induced liver damage in wistar albino rats. The MESV at doses of 200 and 400mg/kg, p.o and the standard drug Liv.52 (40mg/kg, p.o) were administered for 7 days in CCl4 intoxicated rats. The hepatoprotective activity was assessed by using various biochemical parameters like SGOT, SGPT, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP), also total bilirubin and urea. The biochemical changes and histopathological studies were observed on 8th day. MESV at tested doses significantly decrease (P<0.001) the elevated levels of the hepatic enzymes, total bilirubin and urea in a dose dependent manner after 7days. The MESV afforded significant protection against CCl4 induced hepatocellular injury. Key Words:- Hepatotoxicity, Hepatic Enzymes, Sorghum vulgare (L.), Hepatoprotective, MESV.

ABSTRACT The aim of the present study is to evaluate the anticonvulsant activity of oleogum resin extract of Commiphora wightii against Pentylenetetrazole (80mg/kg) induced convulsion in mice. The animals were divided into four groups of six animals each. Clonazepam (0.1mg/kg) was used as standard drug. 200 & 400 mg/kg of Commiphora wightii extract were tested against Pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion in mice. 30 minutes after the test drug administration, Pentylenetetrazole (80mg/kg) was administered by subcutaneous route to mice. The onset of convulsion, lethality and % protection were observed. The data‟s were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnet‟s t test. The result showed that, 200 & 400 mg/kg of Commiphora wightii extract produced significant (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively) anticonvulsant property against Pentylenetetrazole induced convulsion in mice. Key Words:- Commiphora wightii, Pentylenetetrazole, Anticonvulsant activity, Clonic Convulsion.

ABSTRACTBy solvent extraction, acid hydrolysis, chromatography followed by crystallization, a compound was isolated from the leaves of Artemisia vulgaris L. Infra red spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance studies revealed that the isolated compound was chemically 3,4 dihydroxy cinnamic acid.Key Words:- Artemisia vulgaris L., Chromatographic techniques, 3,4 dihydroxy cinnamic acid.

ABSTRACTEffect of solvent, temperature and time on extraction process of anti microbial factor against Staphylococcus aureus present in the leaves of Amaranthus spinosus L. was studied. Result showed that extraction of leaves of Amaranthus spinosus L. with methanol (50%, v/v) at 400C for one hour had maximum antibacterial effect against Staphylococcus aureus. Antibacterial effect was checked by disc diffusion method.Key Words:- Extraction process, Antibacterial effect, Staphylococcus aureus, Amaranthus spinosus L.

ABSTRACTNalpamaram is an important group of trees in Ayurveda system of medicine, which constitutes the four lactiferous trees ie, Ficus benghalensis, Ficus religiosa, Ficus racemosa and Ficus microcarpa of the Family Moraceae.Traditionally these plants are used separately or in combination for treatment of various diseases . Free radicals play important roles in ageing and in the pathogenesis of cancer, hypertension, atherogenesis, Alzheimer’s disease, and Parkinson’s disease. In the present study, an attempt was made to carry out the comparative evaluation of antioxidant activity of the barks of the above 4 trees. In this study, we carried out separate and combined extraction of four barks using 50% hydroalcoholic mixture. Preliminary phytochemical studies showed that extracts contained flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, carbohydrates, sterols and terpenoids. The Folin ciocalteau method and Aluminium chloride colorimetry studies revealed that F.religiosa contained more phenolics and flavonoids than other extracts. Combined Nalpamaram extract and its individual components showed good Nitric oxide scavenging activity {combined Nalpamaram extract(IC 50 =102.1μg/ml)>F.religiosa>F.microcarpa >F.racemosa>F.bengalensis.}and Hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity {F.religiosa (IC50=139.21μg/ml)> Combined Nalpamaram extract> F.microcarpa> F.racemosa> F.bengalensis}.Key Words:- Antioxidant, Moraceae, Nalpamaram, Nitric oxide, Hydrogen peroxide.

ABSTRACTObjective to evaluate the clinical, radiological and audio vestibular findings in patients with peripheral vertigo. Forty seven patients treated at ENT clinic with vertigo of peripheral origin were enrolled in the study. All patients were underwent detailed history taking and a through general examination, systemic examination, otoneurological examination and relevant audio vestibular studies. Majority of patents were seen in the third and fourth decade of life with male: female ratio 3:1. Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo was the commonest disorder encountered in our study, seen in 12 cases (25.5%) followed by Attico-antral CSOM was found in 9 cases (19.1%). Peripheral vertigo is considered as a common symptom in general and otolaryngology practice; Special emphasis should be given to thorough otoneurological examinations and Audio vestibular studies in order to be capable of diagnosing and locating the pathologies that cause vertigo.Key Words:- Peripheral vertigo, Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo, Otoneurological examination.

ABSTRACTEmtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate belongs to class of Anti-retroviral drugs known as nucleotide analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. The main objective of the present study is to formulate and evaluate an film coated tablet of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate using different disintegrates. Preformulation studies were performed prior to compression. The tablets were compressed using microcrystalline cellulose, lactose, pregelatinized starch, Crosscarmellose sodium, talc, sodium starch glycolate, magnesium stearate and opadry II blue was used for coating the tablets. The fabricated tablets were evaluated for various micromeritic properties like bulk density, tapped density, compressibility index, Hauser’s ratio, angle of repose and post compression characteristics like thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration time and drug release. Crosscarmellose sodium is found to be the better disintegrate when compared to sodium starch glycolate in the formulation of film coated tablets of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate. Compared to the direct compression, wet granulation with pregelatinized starch as binder was found to be the best method of choice for formulation of these tablets. The absorbance of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate were screened in the UV region and the maximum absorbance was found to be 282 nm and 258nm respectively and this was used for HPLC analysis. The results of the present study indicates that, the prepared tablets of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Disoproxil fumarate could perform therapeutically, with improved efficacy and better patient compliance like that of the marketed product.Key Words:- Sodium starch glycolate, Magnesium stearate, opedryblue 2,Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, Emtricitabine.

ABSTRACTBackground: Patients with diabetes have been reported to be at an increased risk for cancers of the pancreas, liver, and colon; however, recent studies have suggested that men with diabetes are at a decreased risk for prostate cancer. Objectives to evaluate and compare serum PSA in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and normal healthy individuals. Methodology: This is a case control study conducted in Khartoum state during the period from March to July 2015. Blood sample were obtained from 50 male patients with (T2DM) with age ranged between 35to 65 yearand 50 male apparently healthy as control, with age ranged between 35to 65 year. The samples were collected and analyzed for PSA by Roche and Hitachi E411 analyzer, which is fully automated microplate system Elecrto chemiluminescense\magnetic particle. Result: the mean± SD of serum PSA were (1.14±0.66) in(T2DM) while in control were (1.50±0.84). P.values < 0.021. Conclusion:It is concluded that T2DM is associated with low levelof serum PSA level.Key Words:- Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus, prostate specific antigen.

ABSTRACTAflatoxin is the most prevalent group of carcinogenic mycotoxins, which produced mainly by Aspergillus flavus, on pistachio. The aim of present study was to use Dehydroacetic acid (DHA) and ozonated water to control A. flavus growth and accumulation of aflatoxin B1 on pistachios. In current experimental study, pistachio samples were firstly treated with DHA and ozonated water solutions and contaminated with 1×106 A. flavus cell suspensions. The chemical inhibitory properties were evaluated using enumeration of viable and cultivable fungal conidia on pistachios samples. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal activity of DHA and ozonated water was also measured by broth dilution method. Finally Aflatoxin accumulation in treated samples was measured using HPLC technique. There wasn't seen any fungal growth on pistachios treated with DHA. There was seen a statistically significant differences between the mean viable conidia on pistachios treated with DHA and ozonated water (P=0.0001). MFC and MIC values for DHA was measured as 1/64 and 1/128, whereas for ozonated water obtained 1/4 and 1/16. There were seen statistically significant differences between the aflatoxin values in treated pistachios with two solutions. The inhibitory effect of DHA on the growth of fungi and production of aflatoxin was much more than ozonated water in present study.Key Words:- Control, Aspergillus flavus, Aflatoxin, Pistachio, Dehydroacetic acid, Ozonated water.